Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in milk and dairy products in Egypt

Elafify, Mahmoud; Khalifa, Hazim O.; Al-Ashmawy, Maha; Elsherbini, Mohammed; Latif, Amera Abd El; Okanda, Takashi; Matsumoto, Tetsuya; Koseki, Shigenobu; Abdel-Khalek, A. E.

doi:10.1080/03601234.2019.1686312

Cited by 25 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Due to this fact, in recent years PMQR genes have gained special attention due to their high transmission rates between bacteria via plasmid 8 . Unsurprisingly, our results highlight a high prevalence of qnr genes within pets in Egypt by 64.9%, with qnrS occurring as the most prevalent (44.6%), supporting our previous reports from clinical settings and food settings in Egypt 8,14 . Our results are much higher than those previously reported within other countries, where qnr genes could not be identified in pets from France/Spain and the UK 2,21 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Over the course of the past decade, antimicrobial resistance within the veterinary field has gained worldwide traction due to its important impact upon human health and the growing number of reports of animal-human transmission of antimicrobial resistance [2][3][4][5]10 . Within the nation of Egypt, our previous reports regarding AMR within clinical, veterinary, and food settings underscores high levels of resistance, and, in addition, the identification of unique resistance mechanisms within these settings 3,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17] . Furthermore, the unregulated use of antimicrobial agents within the veterinary field, coupled with a lack of data regarding antimicrobial resistance within animals 15 , have resurrected interest driving investigation into their resistance mechanisms, with particular regards to pets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Of note, the majority of the identified bla SHV variants is comprised of bla SHV-12, which are considered the most widespread among the clinical nosocomial isolates of Enterobacterales 26 . Furthermore, bla SHV and bla CTX-M were also the most widespread within clinical settings and food production in Egypt 8,14 , indicating that they are the major circulating ESBL within Egypt. Although bla CTX-M-15 , bla CTX-M-14 , and bla SHV-12 were identified from pets in different countries 2,19,21,23 , this is the first report of the identification of bla CTX-M-37 , bla CTX-M-156 , and bla SHV-11 from pets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNA preparation for PCR experiments. The DNA was prepped by boiling lysates following the method as previously indicated 14 . Briefly, a full 1-μl inoculation loop of bacteria culture incubated overnight on MHA was mixed with 100 µl of sterilized, distilled water, followed by boiling for 8 min.…”

Section: Phenotypic Detection Of Carbapenemases Production Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

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High β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria associated with kennel cough and cat flu in Egypt

Khalifa

Oreiby

Okanda

et al. 2021

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Antimicrobial resistance within pets has gained worldwide attention due to pets close contact with humans. This report examined at the molecular level, the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms associated with kennel cough and cat flu. 1378 pets in total were assessed for signs of respiratory infection, and nasal and conjunctival swabs were collected across 76 diseased animals. Phenotypically, 27% of the isolates were characterized by multidrug resistance and possessed high levels of resistance rates to β-lactams. Phenotypic ESBLs/AmpCs production were identified within 40.5% and 24.3% of the isolates, respectively. Genotypically, ESBL- and AmpC-encoding genes were detected in 33.8% and 10.8% of the isolates, respectively, with blaSHV comprising the most identified ESBL, and blaCMY and blaACT present as the AmpC with the highest levels. qnr genes were identified in 64.9% of the isolates, with qnrS being the most prevalent (44.6%). Several antimicrobial resistance determinants were detected for the first time within pets from Africa, including blaCTX-M-37, blaCTX-M-156, blaSHV-11, blaACT-23, blaACT25/31, blaDHA-1, and blaCMY-169. Our results revealed that pets displaying symptoms of respiratory illness are potential sources for pathogenic microbes possessing unique resistance mechanisms which could be disseminated to humans, thus leading to the development of severe untreatable infections in these hosts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phenotypic Detection Of Carbapenemases Production Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

High β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria associated with kennel cough and cat flu in Egypt

Khalifa

Oreiby

Okanda

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens are one of the most threatening public health problems and are predicted to cause the death of 10 million people annually by 2050 [9]. STEC isolates that carry extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing genes were reported in humans and cattle sources worldwide [10][11][12][13]. These ESBL-producing genes confer resistance to a wide range of β-lactams, which are the most commonly used antibiotics in clinical and veterinary practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods of cattle origin, diarrheic cattle, and diarrheic humans in Egypt

et al. 2021

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathotype of E. coli that causes enteric and systemic diseases ranging from diarrhoea to severe hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) STEC from cattle sources has increased public health risk and limited treatment options. The prevalence of STEC was investigated in 200 raw food samples (milk and beef samples) and 200 diarrheic samples (cattle and human samples) in a matched region. The presence of stx genes (stx1 and stx2), carbapenemase-encoding genes (blaVIM, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes (blaTEM group, blaCTX-M1 group, and blaOXA-1 group) was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also conducted. STEC isolates were identified in 6.5% (13/200) of food samples [6% (6/100) of milk and 7% (7/100) of beef samples] and in 11% (22/200) of diarrheic cases [12% (12/100) of cattle and 10% (10/100) of human samples]. We found that O26 (4.5%, 18/400) and O111 (1.5%, 6/400) were the most prevalent STEC serovars and were found more commonly in diarrheic samples. STEC strains with both stx genes, stx2 only, and stx1 only genotypes were present in 62.9% (22/35), 20% (7/35), and 17.1% (6/35) of isolates, respectively. Carbapenemase-producing STEC (CP STEC) isolates were found in 1.8% (7/400) of samples [0.5% (1/200) of foods and 3% (6/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaVIM gene was detected in all CP STEC isolates, and one human isolate carried the blaNDM-1 gene. ESBL-producing STEC strains were detected in 4.3% (17/400) of samples [1.5% (3/200) of food samples and 7% (14/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 42.9% (15/35), 28.6% (10/35), and 2.9% (1/35) of STEC isolates, respectively. Approximately half (51.4%, 18/35) of STEC isolates were MDR STEC; all CP STEC and ESBL-producing STEC were also MDR STEC. The highest antimicrobial resistance rates were found against nalidixic acid (51.4%) and ampicillin (48.6%), whereas the lowest rates were reported against gentamicin (5.7%) and ciprofloxacin (11.4%). MDR STEC strains were 5.3 times more likely to be found in diarrheic cases than in foods (P = 0.009, 95% CI 1.5–18.7). ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping STEC isolates into 27 different ERIC-types (ETs) with a discrimination index of 0.979. Five ETs showed clusters of 2–4 identical isolates that shared the same virulence and antibiotic resistance genetic profile. Human isolates matched food isolates in two of these ET clusters (the O26 CP STEC cluster and the O111 STEC cluster), highlighting the potential cross-species zoonotic transmission of these pathogens and/or their genes in the study region. This is the first detection of CP STEC in milk and diarrheic cattle in Egypt.

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Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage Ib_pec2 against shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2022

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This study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophage against drug‐resistant, shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), one of the zoonotic, food‐borne organisms associated with ruminants, mainly cattle. STEC were isolated (n = 35) from neonatal calves, dairy workers, and the surrounding environment and their antimicrobial resistance pattern was studied. Out of the 35 isolates tested, 17 isolates were found to be multidrug resistant to important antibiotics like ampicillin, amoxicillin‐clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Bacteriophage namely Ib_pec2 was isolated against one of the STEC isolates and its morphology, genetic and proteomic characterization was done. Morphological analysis by TEM revealed bacteriophages belonging to myoviridae family. The genetic characterization of g23 gene revealed that the bacteriophage belonged to Tequatrovirus of myoviridae family. Proteomic analysis was able to identify five proteins identical to Tequatrovirus of myoviridae family. One‐step growth curve experiment revealed a latency period of 40 min and a burst size of 893 pfu/bacteria. Temperature and pH ranging from 40°C to 50°C, pH 6–8, respectively. Phage could able to lyse majority of the STEC isolates. STEC are commensal organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants but are pathogenic in humans. Bacteriophages can be used as alternatives to antibiotics to control bacterial growth in ruminants and prevent its further spillage in the environment.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt

Cited by 25 publications

References 42 publications

High β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria associated with kennel cough and cat flu in Egypt

High β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria associated with kennel cough and cat flu in Egypt

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods of cattle origin, diarrheic cattle, and diarrheic humans in Egypt

Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage Ib_pec2 against shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli

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