Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Indiana in China (1984–2016)

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana, first described in 1955, is generally regarded as having a low frequency worldwide with outbreaks of gastroenteritis and abortions described in North America and Europe. In China, S. Indiana was first reported in 1984 and in the subsequent 71 surveys in 35 cities/municipalities from 18 provinces, 70% of which were after 2012, S. Indiana has been shown to have become widely prevalent in people, animals, food and the environment around abattoirs and meat processing facilities. The organism is now one of the most common serovars found in livestock and raw meat in China with S. Indiana isolates having high levels of drug resistance, especially against tetracyclines, quinolones, folate pathway inhibitors, phenicols, penicillins, monobactams and nitrofurans. Further, S. Indiana isolates that are concurrently resistant to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone/cefotaxime have emerged. Studies have suggested the high levels of multidrug resistance of S. Indiana might be associated with the presence of class 1 integrons and plasmids. Unfortunately, information on the high prevalence of S. Indiana and its extensive drug resistance in China has largely escaped international recognition as it largely appears in local reports written in Chinese. To address this situation, we reviewed all the available local Chinese and international publications on the organism in China and report our findings in this review.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect Salmonella serovars Indiana, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium in raw meat

“…The distribution of Salmonella serovars shows regional differences, (Gong et al, 2017). In this survey, we found that S. Indiana was the most prevalent serovar in raw meat, particularly in poultry (chicken and duck), which is similar to other reports T A B L E 2 Prevalence of Salmonella in raw meat that have indicated that poultry is an important reservoir of S. Indiana (Gong et al, 2017).…”

“…Agona, to become the second most common serovar in the country, behind S . Enteritidis (Gong et al, ). In this survey, we found that S .…”

“…Indiana was the most prevalent serovar in raw meat, particularly in poultry (chicken and duck), which is similar to other reports that have indicated that poultry is an important reservoir of S . Indiana (Gong et al, ).…”

“…Typhimurium are the most common Salmonella serovars in Chinese food‐producing animals and meat products (Gong et al, ; Wang et al, ; Yang et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Salmonella serovars, Enteritidis, Indiana, and Typhimurium, not only result in serious economic losses in livestock husbandry but also cause serious public health problems through contaminated meat products (Antunes, Mourão, Campos, & Peixe, ; Gong, Kelly, & Wang, ). In view of the importance of the abovementioned three Salmonella serovars to food safety and public health, there is an urgent need to establish a rapid, sensitive, specific, and practical method for their detection.…”

Molecular and Conventional Analysis of Acute Diarrheal Isolates Identifies Epidemiological Trends, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Common Enteropathogens in Shanghai

“…Thus analysis of antibiotic resistance is the crucial component of bacteriological diagnostics. Epidemiological studies of several hospitals in different cities of China revealed that resistance especially, multi-drug or pan-drug resistance kept increasing with the alarming rate ( Gong et al, 2017 ; He et al, 2017 ; Hu et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2017 ). Thus, the investigation of antibiotic resistance spectrum of diarrheal bacteria may provide important information for healthcare providers in proper treatments and taking measures to reduce drug resistance of bacteria.…”