Prevalence and Associated Factors of Zinc Deficiency Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Gambella Hospital, Gambella, Ethiopia, 2018

Mekonnen, Ataguade; Terefe, Wondwossen; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Kahsay, Amaha; Gezae, Kebede Embaye

doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20190705.12

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, the study conducted in Padang Indonesia also found low serum zinc levels during pregnancy (36.01 ± 18.34 µg/dL) [32]. Similarly, a study from Ethiopia reported an average serum zinc level in pregnant women of 58.75µg/dL, with a prevalence of zinc deficiency of 55.3% [33]. In the Egyptian study, the zinc deficiency occurred was 53.5% [34].…”

Section: Serum Zinc Levels For Pregnant Womenmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Effect of Pumpkin Seed Biscuits on Nutritional and Zinc Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Pregnant Women

Syakur

Syam²,

Hadju³

et al. 2022

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: In several studies in Indonesia, low birth weight (LBW) is shown as the most dominant risk factor for stunting. Some of the causes of LBW are chronic energy deficiency during pregnancy, anemia during pregnancy, lack of nutrient supply during pregnancy, pregnancy complications, maternal parity, and birth spacing. In this case, women commonly suffer from micronutrient deficiencies including iodine, iron, Vitamin A, zinc, and folate. Related to this, about 80% of pregnant women in the world fulfill normative pregnancy needs due to inadequate zinc intake. One source of micronutrients rich in zinc is pumpkin seeds. The nutritional potential of pumpkin seeds is realized in the form of food products for pregnant women, including amino acids. One example of pumpkin seed fortification has been assessed in biscuit products by trained panelists and consumers, obtaining results that 20% additional pumpkin seed flour to biscuits becomes the best treatment. Meanwhile, in the case of this study, we expect that the pumpkin seed biscuits provided can increase the energy intake in pregnant women because when pumpkin seeds are added, the nutrition contained in the biscuits is also increased, in this case, the nutrition includes the zinc and Fe. AIM: The purpose this research is to figure out how pumpkin seed biscuits affect pregnant women concerning their nutrition status and serum zinc levels. METHODS: The method employed was a double-blind and randomized experimental research involving pre- and post-test control groups. The inclusion criteria of the participants involved were pregnant women aged 20–35 years old who were at their first and second trimesters of pregnancy and parity one to three and singleton pregnancy. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria of the participants were pregnant women suffering from severe complications. There were 89 pregnant women further gathered in this study, but only 66 of them met the criteria and idled into two groups. In this case, one group received the pumpkin seed biscuit intervention, while the other received placebo biscuits. The intervention was conducted for 90 days where the pregnant women were provided with four biscuits for daily consumption. RESULTS: The nutritional status parameter of pregnant women involved in the current research was assessed, including body weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and serum zinc levels. In this case, the average serum zinc level obtained was 48.75 g/dL from 60 pregnant women. Furthermore, a significant increase occurred in nutritional status for each group, marked by body weight gain, and increased MUAC. However, no significant difference emerged between the pumpkin seed biscuit group and the placebo biscuit group with p = 0.914 and p = 0.916, respectively. A significant increase in zinc levels was observed in both groups. In this case, changes in zinc levels between the two groups were significantly different (13.72 ± 1.84 vs. 9.81 ± 11.81, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Giving pumpkin seed biscuits contribute to weight gain and increase the MUAC the pregnant women which, in turn, improves their nutritional status and serum zinc.

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Section: Serum Zinc Levels For Pregnant Womenmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Effect of Pumpkin Seed Biscuits on Nutritional and Zinc Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Pregnant Women

Syakur

Syam²,

Hadju³

et al. 2022

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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“…Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used during the review [14]. Published articles, survey reports, and grey literature (one paper) [15] which were published or reported in English were considered in this meta-analysis. Due to the limited number of studies conducted in Ethiopia, and to increase the comprehensiveness of the meta-analysis, all eligible studies published or reported till May 30, 2019, were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.…”

Section: Eligibility Criteria and Information Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After assessing the full texts of the 19 records for their eligibility, 6 records [21][22][23][24][25][26] were further excluded by the exclusion criteria. Finally, 13 studies, 7 for pregnant women [15,[27][28][29][30][31][32] and 6 for children [11,[33][34][35][36][37], were found to be eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis ( Fig. 1).…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and associated factors of zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019

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Background: Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable groups to zinc deficiency. Despite the presence of few primary studies, studies that could provide strong evidence that would help policymakers to develop appropriate interventional strategies in addressing zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the national pooled prevalence and associated factors of zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children. Methods: We searched Pub Med, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Google for studies reported on zinc deficiency and associated factors among pregnant women and children. Search terms were 'zinc deficiency', 'zinc status', 'associated factors', 'children', 'pregnant women', and 'Ethiopia' using the boolean operators 'OR' or 'AND'. Searches were using English language. A preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used. Two authors independently reviewed the studies. The effect sizes of the meta-analysis were the prevalence of zinc deficiency and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of the associated factors. Finally, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3.3.07 was used for statistical analysis by applying the random-effects model and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Results: Thirteen studies (7 among pregnant women having total participants of 2371 pregnant women and 6 among children with total participants of 5154 children) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Using the random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of zinc deficiency was 59.9% (95%CI: 51.9, 67.7%) and 38.4% (95%CI: 28.6, 49.4) among pregnant women and children, respectively. The associated factors for zinc deficiency among pregnant women were coffee intake (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =1.76), low intake of animal source foods (AOR = 2.57), and inadequate diet diversity (AOR = 2.12). Conclusion: Overall, zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Promoting dietary modification to enhance the bioavailability of zinc, improving diet diversity, and consuming animal source foods would help in alleviating and/or minimizing the problem among the target groups. Zinc supplementation could also be considered for pregnant women and children.

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“…Projected worldwide, above 82% of women during gestation have insufficient intake of zinc (Caulfield et al 1998). Globally, in Ethiopia the prevalence of zinc deficiency among pregnant women was 55.3% (Mekonnen et al 2018), in India 64-72% (Pathak et al 2008), in Sidama 53% (Gebremedhin et al 2011), in Gondar 57.4% (Kumera et al 2015), in China 51.5% (Ma et al 2004), in Nigeria 97.2% (Oguizu AD 2015), in Kenya 66.9% (Mitheko 2013), in Turkey 72.3% (Açkurt 1995) in Pakistan 27.8% (Lutfullah 2014), in Sudan 45% (Shommo et al 2013), in Malawi 46% (Gibson and Huddle 1998), in Iran 29% and 49% (Roshanravan et al 2015), in Vietnam 29% (Nguyen et al 2013) and in Bangladesh 14.7% (Shamin et al 2013). Several researches involved different population by culture and geographical area which may contribute to the differences in the incidence of zinc deficiency during pregnancy (Severi et al 2013).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Zinc Deficiency In Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Deficiency and Its Consequences During Pregnancy

Durrani

Parveen

2021

Microbial Biofertilizers and Micronutrient Availability

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Zinc is an important microelement that promotes immunity, proper development and growth of the nervous system and resistance to infection. It is a constituent of more than 200 enzymes involved in digestion, metabolism, synthesis of RNA and DNA, reproduction and is also essential for healthy pregnancy outcomes. An estimated 17.3% of global population is at risk for zinc deficiency due to inadequate dietary supply and bioavailability. Inadequate intake of zinc during pregnancy has been related to adverse pregnancy outcomes including abortion, foetal neural tube defects, membrane rupture, preterm delivery, prolonged labour and stillbirth and risk of maternal and infant mortality. Other risk factors of zinc deficiency are diarrheal disease, malabsorption syndromes, parasitosis, hot and humid climate, rapid multiplicative cell growth (pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence), lactation and genetic disease. Zinc deficiency is primarily related to the poor zinc status of the diet. Animal protein-based diet is a rich source of zinc, whereas vegetable and cereal-based diet is not only poor in zinc content but also interferes with its absorption due to high content of phytates. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy and lactation plays a role in improving both maternal and foetal health. Zinc supplementation reduces the frequency of preterm birth by 14%, decreases respiratory infections and childhood diarrhoea, lowers all-cause mortality and increases growth and weight gain among infants and young children. While there are no separate programmes for zinc supplementation in India, zinc tablets are provided along with oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of diarrhoea as per WHO guidelines. More research is required to assess the benefits of the large-scale zinc intervention programmes during pregnancy. This chapter reviews the importance of zinc in pregnancy and its effect on foetal and infant growth.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Zinc Deficiency Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Gambella Hospital, Gambella, Ethiopia, 2018

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

The Effect of Pumpkin Seed Biscuits on Nutritional and Zinc Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Pregnant Women

The Effect of Pumpkin Seed Biscuits on Nutritional and Zinc Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Pregnant Women

Prevalence and associated factors of zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zinc Deficiency and Its Consequences During Pregnancy

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