Prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes among adult Moroccan Sahraoui women

Abstract

Objective: The goal of the present work was to examine the prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes among urban Moroccan Sahraoui women. Design and setting: Randomised sample of adult women living in the city of Laayoune in south Morocco who visited public health centres during an immunisation campaign. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, dietary intake and physical activity were collected. Subjects: Data were obtained on 249 urban women aged 15 years and older, who were not pregnant. Only subjects identified as of Sahraoui origin were eligible for this investigation.Results: The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 5.5% and that of undiagnosed diabetes 6.4%. Diabetes and IFG were more common among older and obese women as well as among women with hypertension or a family history of diabetes. In addition, sucrose intakes were higher in women with diabetes than in those with normal FPG. Also, physical activity estimated as the time spent in walking was negatively associated with FPG. Regression analyses showed an independent association of age, obesity, family history of diabetes and triglycerides with diabetes. Conclusion: The high proportion of unknown diabetes suggests the need for increased diabetes awareness in this population. The data suggest also the involvement of obesity in diabetes and the potential importance of intervention strategies to reduce population adiposity for the prevention and management of cardiovascular risk factors.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Crossectional Community Based Study in Northwest Ethiopia

“…In our findings, increasing fasting blood glucose was the major independent variable associated with hypertension. The overall prevalence of IFG in our study was lower than the Addis Ababa report (21.6%) and similar with that of a study done in Morocco, 5.5% [ 8 , 20 ]. Moreover, the computed prevalence of IFG differs significantly with areas of residence and age.…”

Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in women of childbearing age in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000–2018

“…Of the 12,825 citations retrieved from the six databases, 48 research reports were found eligible (Fig. 1); 46 reported T2DM prevalence [45–90] while 24 reported pre-DM prevalence [48, 49, 51–57, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 73, 75, 81, 85, 88–90].…”

“…Unclear pregnancy statusAll20–49 yearsDM defined as FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, according to the WHO 2003 criteria29452127.220–29 years1246423.430–39 years857536.240–49 yeas84211713.9 Diejomaoh et al, 2007 [58]10/2002–06/2004KuwaitObstetrics department, Maternity HospitalCSConsecutivePatients who had ≥ 3 consecutive spontaneous miscarriages were classified as patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriageAllThe fasting glucose was determined soon after the collection of the blood samples3500.0 Tohme et al, 2005 [59]2003–2004LebanonHousehold surveyCSSystematic samplingWomen recruited from general population with an unclear pregnancy statusAll30–50 yearsSelf-reported DM. Diagnosed by a health professional and on management of DM544397.230–40 years311165.141–50 years233239.9 Rguibi and Belahsen, 2005 [60]10/2001–04/2002Morocco, LaayounePublic Health Center during an immunization programCSRandom SamplingNon-pregnant women aged 15 years or older, Sahraoui ethnic origin with no previous systemic diseaseAll15–34.9 yearsAccording to the ADA criteria FPG was categorized into normal fasting glucose (NFG) (FPG,6.1 mmol/l), IFG (IFG) (FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/ l) and diabetes (FPG > or equal 7 mmol/ l)11321.815–25 years4200.025–34.9 years7122.8 Gowri et al, 2011 [61]Unclear, Over a period of one calendar yearOman, MusactObstetrics Department of the Sultan Qaboos University HospitalCSConsecutivePregnant Omani women with a mean an age range of 24–42 years attending ANC care servicesAllBlood testing1261814.3 Al-Lawati et al, 2002 [62]First quarter of 2000OmanNation–wide surveyCS…”

“…Unclear pregnancy statusAll20–39 yearsIFG defined as FPG 100–125 mg/dl, according to the ADA 2000 criteria401640.0 Abu-Zaiton and Al-Fawwaz, 2013 [56]10/2012–1/2013JordanAl-Albayt UniversityCSRandom samplingFemale university students with a mean age of 19.71 years ±2.55 SDIFGFBG between 100 and 126 mg/dL711014.1 Ahmed et al, 2013 [57]2002–2009KuwaitKuwait National Nutritional Surveillance Data collected from primary health centersCSUnclearWomen with age 20–69 years attending health centers for mandatory health examination for employment, pensions or Haj. Unclear pregnancy statusIFG/All20–49 yearsFBG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L, according to the WHO 2003 criteria29452789.420–29 years12461028.230–39 years857768.940–49 years84210011.9 Alattar et al, 20122009–2010KuwaitCollege of applied education and trainingCSUnclearNon-pregnant college students with mean age 20.3 years17–24 yearsIGR/IGT defined as the presence of one or more of the following: FPG of ≥ 5.6 to < 7 mmol/l, 2-h postprandial glucose level of ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 mmol/L and HbA 1c ≥ 5.6 to < 6.5%, according to the ADA 2010 criteria3119631 Rguibi and Belahsen, 2005 [60]2001–2002Morocco, LaayounePublic health centersCSRandom samplingNon-pregnant women with mean age 36.8 years visiting health centers during an immunization campaignIFG/All15–34.9 yearsFPG between 6.1–6.9 mmol/L, following the ADA 1997 criteria11310.915–25 years4200.025–34.9 years7112.8 Al-Lawati et al, 2002 [62]First quarter of 2000OmanNation–wide surveyCSMulti–stage stratified probabilityAdult women of Omani nationals aged ≥ 20 yearsIFG (All)FPG ≥ 6.1 but < 7 mmol/ l, according to the WHO 1999 criteria208882…”

“…The highest two weighted T2DM estimates were observed in infertile women of childbearing age in Egypt (28.2%, 95% CI, 17.4–40.3%) and in non-pregnant women with a history of GDM in Iran (24.7%, 95% CI, 18.5–31.5%) (Table 2). In general populations, the weighted T2DM prevalence ranged between 1.3% (95% CI, 0.0–4.7%) in 2001–2002 in Morocco [60] and 16.4% (95% CI, 6.5–29.8%, I 2 , 96.5%) in Iraq in 2007 [55] and in 2011–2012 [54]. In Saudi Arabia, in women of childbearing age sampled from general populations, the pooled T2DM prevalence estimated at 8.0% (95% CI, 5.3–11.3%, I 2 , 96.5%) (Table 1).…”