Prevalence and Characteristics of Multidrug-Resistant Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) CC398 Isolated from Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Slaughtered for Human Consumption

Abstract

Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that has been reported in several animals, and it is often associated with clonal complex (CC) 398. We aimed to isolate MRSA from quails and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. One hundred swab samples were recovered from quails at the slaughterhouse. The swabs were inoculated onto CHROMagar™ MRSA agar plates for MRSA isolation. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. All strains were typed by MLST, SCCmec-, spa- and agr-typing. From the 100 samples, 29 MRSA were isolated. All strains were resistant to penicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and clindamycin and carried the blaZ, mecA, ermB and ermC genes. All strains, except one, showed resistance to tetracycline and harbored the tetM, tetK and tetL genes in different combinations. Twenty strains belonged to ST398 and SCCmec type V, and nine strains belonged to the new ST6831. Twenty-eight out of twenty-nine strains were ascribed to t011 and one to t108. As far as we know, this is the first report of MRSA from quails slaughtered for human consumption. Most strains belonged to ST398-t011, which is the most common LA-MRSA clone found in livestock in Europe.

Nocturnal Birds of Prey as Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci: Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages

“…All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants by PCR amplification using previously described primers [ 81 ]. Isolates were screened for the presence of determinants conferring resistance to: beta-lactams ( bla Z, bla Z-SCC mec XI, mec A and mec C), macrolides and lincosamides ( erm A, erm B, erm C, erm T, msr (A/B), lnu A, lnu B, vga A, vga B, vga C), tetracycline ( tet M, tet K, tet L and tet O), aminoglycosides ( aac (6′)-Ie- aph (2′’)-Ia, ant (4′)-Ia and aph (3′)-IIIa), phenicols ( cat pC194 , cat pC221 , cat p C223 , fex A, and fex B), oxazolidinones ( cfr ), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( dfr A, dfr G, dfr K and dfr D) and fusidic acid ( fus B, fus C and fus D).…”

Distribution and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci in Surface Waters: Detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-Positive MRSA Strains

“…All isolates were screened for the presence antimicrobial resistance genes according to their phenotypic resistance. The presence of antimicrobial resistant genes encoding resistance to penicillin ( bla Z and bla Z-SCC mec XI), macrolides and lincosamides ( erm A, erm B, erm C, erm T, mph C, msr (A/B), lnu A, lnu B, vga A and vga B), aminoglycosides ( aac (6’)-Ie- aph (2’’)-Ia, aph (3’)-IIIa, ant (4’)-Ia and str ), fusidic acid ( fus A, fus B, fus C and fus D), tetracyclines ( tet M, tet L, tet K and tet O), chloramphenicol ( fex A, fex B, cat pC194 , cat pC221 and cat pC223 ), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( dfr A, dfr D, dfr G and dfr K) and linezolid ( cfr ) was investigated by PCR as described elsewhere [ 80 ]. S. aureus strains were tested by PCR for luk F/ luk S-PV encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin.…”

“…S. aureus strains were tested by PCR for luk F/ luk S-PV encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. All isolates were screened for the presence of virulence genes encoding alpha-, beta- and delta-hemolysins ( hla, hlb and hld ), exfoliative toxins ( eta , etb and etd 2) and toxic shock syndrome toxin ( tst ) [ 80 ]. The presence of scn gene was investigated in all S. aureus isolates since it is a marker of the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system and is common to all IEC groups.…”

High Frequency of the EMRSA-15 Clone (ST22-MRSA-IV) in Hospital Wastewater

“…According to the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, the respective resistance genes were investigated by PCR following conditions previously described [22]. These included the penicillin resistance gene blaZ, the methicillin resistance gene mecA, the macrolide and licosamides resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC, ermT, mphC, msr(A/B), lnuA, lnuB, vgaA and vgaB, the tetracycline resistance genes tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO, the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 ')-Ia, aph(3 )-IIIa, ant(4 )-Ia, str and ant(6 )-Ia, the fusidic acid resistance genes fusA, fusB, fusC and fusD, the chloramphenicol resistance genes fexA, fexB, cat pC194 , cat pC221 , cat pC223 and catA, the oxazolidinones resistance genes cfr, optrA and poxtA, and the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance genes dfrA, dfrK, dfrD and dfrG.…”

“…These included the penicillin resistance gene blaZ, the methicillin resistance gene mecA, the macrolide and licosamides resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC, ermT, mphC, msr(A/B), lnuA, lnuB, vgaA and vgaB, the tetracycline resistance genes tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO, the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6 )-Ie-aph(2 ')-Ia, aph(3 )-IIIa, ant(4 )-Ia, str and ant(6 )-Ia, the fusidic acid resistance genes fusA, fusB, fusC and fusD, the chloramphenicol resistance genes fexA, fexB, cat pC194 , cat pC221 , cat pC223 and catA, the oxazolidinones resistance genes cfr, optrA and poxtA, and the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance genes dfrA, dfrK, dfrD and dfrG. The presence of virulence genes lukF/lukS-PV, hla, hlb, hld, eta, etb and tst was detected by PCR as previously described [22]. The presence of the genes associated with the IEC system (scn, chp, sak, sea and sep) was also studied and the IEC group was ascribed accordantly [23].…”