Prevalence and correlates of androgen dependence: a meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis and qualitative synthesis

Abstract

Purpose of review To investigate the prevalence and correlates of androgen dependence among users. A meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis, and qualitative synthesis were conducted based on a systematic literature search in Google Scholar, ISO Web of Science, PsycNET, and PubMed. Recent findings Twenty-six studies were included in the review and 18 studies (N = 1782) in the statistical analysis. The overall lifetime androgen dependence prevalence was 34.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.8–41.7, Q = 113.1, I 2 = 85.0, P < 0.001]. Although males (36.1%, P < 0.001) and females (37.0%, P = 0.188) did not differ (Q = 0.0, P = 0.930) in dependence prevalence, controlling for other study characteristics, higher study male sample proportion was related to higher dependence prevalence. Combined interview and questionnaire assessments showed higher prevalence compared to interviews only. Publications from 1990–1999 generated higher prevalence compared to 2000–2009 and 2010–2023 publications. Dependents were associated with a wide array of demographic inequalities, and biophysical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial problems. Summary One of three persons who initiate androgen use experiences dependence along with various serious disorders. Androgen use and dependence should be considered an important public health issue requiring targeted health interventions.

Exploring the role of community pharmacies as a harm reduction environment for anabolic–androgenic steroid consumers: triangulating the perspectives of consumers and pharmacists

“…This unregulated supply of AAS and other PIEDs from online sources is accompanied by misleading information regarding the benefits and risks associated with their use [ 13 , 23 ], posing significant concerns. Given the potential harms of AAS use among the general population [ 14 , 77 ], current evidence indicates the potential of their growing impact on the health of this substance cohort globally [ 78 , 79 ]. Therefore, enhanced harm reduction measures are imperative to effectively engage with the increasing diversity of individuals currently engaged in AAS use [ 41 , 80 ], particularly considering the potential for emerging dangers associated with the uptake of harsher AAS varieties [ 81 ].…”