Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland

Tsai, Alexander C.; Leiter, Karen; Heisler, Michele; Iacopino, Vincent; Wolfe, William R.; Shannon, Kate; Phaladze, Nthabiseng; Hlanze, Zakhe; Weiser, Sheri D.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300060

Cited by 55 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Through their effort violence against women has now become an issue of international concern [1]. Sexual violence is a major public health and human right problems in Botswana and Swaziland as reported by [3]. Abused women have higher rates of unintended pregnancies and abortion, sexually transmitted infections including HIV and mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, sleep and eating disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spousal Violence in Southwest Nigeria: Prevalence and Correlates

Alo¹,

Odusina²

2012

J Women’s Health Care

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Spousal violence is increasingly a health issue all over the world, especially in Africa where an unhealthy mix of tradition, inequality and ignorance aggravates the scourge. Despite numerous interventions from human right groups and NGO's, the problem is still widespread. This study investigates the prevalence of two forms of spousal violencephysical and sexual violence and its correlation among the people of Southwest Nigeria. Data was collected from 300 ever married or cohabiting women through an interview method, and it was processed with SPSS to generate simple percentages and logistic regression estimates. The sample was selected through multistage stratified random sampling technique across all the states of Southwest Nigeria. Spousal violence was measured using a Shorthand and Modified Conflict Tactics Scale. The result indicated spousal violence prevalence rate of 47.3% for ever experience of spousal violence, and 32% for spousal violence prevalence in the 12months preceding the survey. The common forms of physical violence are: kicking/pushing-31%, slapping-15.5% and arm twisting/throwing things at-14.1%; while the most common form of sexual violence is forced intercourse with 12.7% and 11.5% for ever experience and experience within the 12 months preceding the survey respectively. The experience of spousal violence varied substantially with number of living children, educational levels of women, union status and women's attitude towards wife beating. The paper concluded that there is a need for massive girl child education and the enlistment of social, political, religious and other leaders in speaking out against spousal violence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spousal Violence in Southwest Nigeria: Prevalence and Correlates

Alo¹,

Odusina²

2012

J Women’s Health Care

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“…The highest rates have been reported in resource-limited settings, although wide variations exist. 1,2 Personal history of IPV has been associated with numerous adverse sexual and reproductive health consequences for women, including low self-efficacy for condom use, 3 inconsistent condom use, 4,5 unplanned pregnancies, 6 and a range of other perinatal outcomes. 7 The specific mechanisms underlying these associations are not well-understood, but previous work suggests at least two hypotheses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Level and Individual-Level Influences of Intimate Partner Violence on Birth Spacing in Sub-Saharan Africa

Hung

Scott

Ricciotti

et al. 2012

Obstetrics & Gynecology

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which intimate partner violence (IPV), at the levels of the individual and the community, is associated with shortened interbirth intervals among women in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS:We analyzed demographic and health survey data from 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Only multiparous women were included in the analysis. Interbirth interval was the primary outcome. Personal history of IPV was measured using a modified Conflict Tactics Scale. Community prevalence of IPV was measured as the proportion of women in each village reporting a personal history of IPV. We used multilevel modeling to account for the hierarchical structure of the data, allowing us to partition the variation in birth intervals to the four different levels (births, individuals, villages, and countries). RESULTS: Among the 46,697 women in the sample, 11,730 (25.1%) reported a personal history of physical violence and 4,935 (10.6%) reported a personal history of sexual violence. In the multivariable regression model, interbirth intervals were inversely associated with personal history of physical violence (regression coefficient b‫,06.0؊؍‬ 95% confidence interval ؊0.91 to ؊0.28) and the community prevalence of physical violence (b‫,14.1؊؍‬ 95% confidence interval ؊2.41 to ؊0.40). Estimated associations with sexual violence were of similar statistical significance and magnitude. CONCLUSION: Both personal history of IPV and the community prevalence of IPV have independent and statistically significant associations with shorter interbirth intervals. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IIV iolence against women, including intimate partner violence (IPV), is a grave violation of human rights and is highly prevalent worldwide. The highest rates have been reported in resource-limited settings, although wide variations exist. 1,2 Personal history of IPV has been associated with numerous adverse sexual and reproductive health consequences for women, including low self-efficacy for condom use, 3 inconsistent condom use, 4,5 unplanned pregnancies, 6 and a range of other perinatal outcomes. 7 The specific mechanisms underlying these associations are not well-understood, but previous work suggests at least two hypotheses. First, at the individual level, IPV may lead to, or may be a marker for, direct controlling behaviors perpetrated by male partners to promote pregnancy. 8 Second, even when their male partners do not directly engage in coercive behaviors, women may fear violent reprisals if they live in communities where IPV is highly prevalent or where IPV is culturally sanctioned. This latter hypothesis suggests that context may exert an effect independent of direct victimization at the individual level, ie, a "culture of terror" 9 may indirectly compromise women's sexual decision-making. Studies that explicitly model the pattern of violence against other women in the community would help

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“…International studies do not appear to make the same distinctions between the legal definitions of rape and more general definitions of forced/coerced sex, typically using what the US would consider the legal definition of rape. Internationally, the rates of perpetration in adult men ranged from 2.5% in Botswana (Tsai et al, 2011) and up to 37% of men in South Africa (Jewkes et al, 2013) giving South Africa the name of "rape capital of the world" (Interpol, 2012). When looking at the perpetration of sexual violence across the lifespan, 16 years old was the most common age of an offender's first sexual perpetration (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2013).…”

Section: Measuring Rates Of Sexual Violence Perpetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%