Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Infection among Female Sex Workers in 2 Mexico–US Border Cities

Patterson, Thomas L.; Semple, Shirley J.; Staines, Hugo; Lozada, Remedios; Orozovich, Prisci; Bucardo, Jesús; Philbin, Morgan M.; Pu, Minya; Fraga, Miguel; Amaro, Hortensia; Torre, Adela de la; Martínez, Gustavo; Magis-Rodríguez, Carlos; Strathdee, Steffanie A.

doi:10.1086/527379

Cited by 152 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The prevalence of active syphilis, which was associated with four times the odds of HIV infection in a previous study, 26 was dramatically lower among FSWs in our sample (e.g., 14 % in 2006 vs. 1 % in our sample). Although the low prevalence we identified could reflect continued HIV/STI surveillance and prevention efforts throughout the region, 44 we cannot determine from our sample whether HIV/STI prevalence is decreasing in the larger population of FSWs in these cities.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…23 Our research among mostly street-based FSWs in these cities has also revealed high prevalence of STIs: in 2006, 6 % tested positive for gonorrhea, 13 % for Chlamydia, and 14 % for active syphilis (titers≥1:8). 26 Drug use, including injection drug use, which are increasingly common in this region due to "spillover" from trafficking routes, 27 further promote HIV/STI transmission by compromising FSWs' abilities to negotiate consistent condom use. 28 In these cities, FSWs' HIV positivity was associated with smoking, snorting, or inhaling methamphetamine and injecting cocaine, 26 and among FSWs who injected drugs, 72 % tested positive for at least one STI including HIV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 Drug use, including injection drug use, which are increasingly common in this region due to "spillover" from trafficking routes, 27 further promote HIV/STI transmission by compromising FSWs' abilities to negotiate consistent condom use. 28 In these cities, FSWs' HIV positivity was associated with smoking, snorting, or inhaling methamphetamine and injecting cocaine, 26 and among FSWs who injected drugs, 72 % tested positive for at least one STI including HIV. 29 Our binational research team has estimated that more than one third of FSWs in the Mexico-USA border region have steady non-commercial partners, 30 and unprotected sex within these intimate relationships is twice as likely compared to commercial sex contexts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers and Their Non-commercial Male Partners in Two Mexico-USA Border Cities

et al. 2014

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Female sex workers (FSWs) acquire HIVand other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) through unprotected sex with commercial and non-commercial (intimate) male partners. Little research has focused on FSWs' intimate relationships, within which condom use is rare. We sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of HIV/STIs within FSWs' intimate relationships in Northern Mexico. From 2010 to 2011, we conducted a crosssectional survey of FSWs and their non-commercial male partners in Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Eligible FSWs and their verified male partners were aged ≥18 years; FSWs reported lifetime use of heroin, cocaine, crack, or methamphetamine and recently exchanged sex (past month). Participants completed baseline questionnaires and testing for HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. We determined the prevalence and correlates of individuals' HIV/STI positivity using bivariate probit regression. Among 212 couples (n=424), prevalence of HIV was 2.6 % (n=11). Forty-two (9.9 %) tested positive for any HIV/STIs, which was more prevalent among women than men (12.7 % vs. 7.1 %, pG0.05). FSWs with regular sex work clients were less likely to test positive for HIV/STIs than those without regular clients. Similarly, male partners of FSWs who had regular clients were 9 % less likely to have HIV/STIs. Higher sexual decision-making power was protective against HIV/STIs for women. Men who recently used methamphetamine or reported perpetrating any conflict within steady relationships were more likely to test positive for HIV/STIs. Within FSWs' intimate relationships in two Mexican-US border cities, nearly one in ten partners tested positive for HIV/STIs. Couple-based prevention interventions should recognize how intimate relationship factors and social contexts influence HIV/STI vulnerability.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers and Their Non-commercial Male Partners in Two Mexico-USA Border Cities

et al. 2014

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“…It varied from 14.2% in the US-Mexico border cities to 45.7% in Argentina [1,12,[18][19][20][21][22] . This varied prevalence rates may be due to the different population characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the HBV and the HCV Infections in Female Sex Workers and their Co-Infection with HIV

Praseeda¹,

Anuradha²,

Jayanthi³

2013

JCDR

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Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) have been shown to enhance the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The Hepatitis B and the Hepatitis C viral infections are highly prevalent among the HIV-infected persons as a result of shared transmission routes. Aim:To determine the seroprevalence of the HIV, Syphilis, HBV and HCV infections and their co-infection rates among Female Sex Workers (FSWs). Settings and Design: 250 blood samples were collected from FSWs from a red light area of Mumbai by using an outreach strategy. Materials and Methods:Their sera were tested for the HIV antibodies as per the strategy II of the NACO guidelines, for syphilis by RPR, for the HCV antibodies and for HBsAg by ELISA.

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“…Sharing of crack pipesparticularly among individuals with sores on their lips as a result of burns and cuts-may contribute to infectious disease transmission [12,13]. Inhalation of methamphetamine has been associated independently with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among female sex workers, even after accounting for injection drug use [14]. A recent laboratory study suggests that methamphetamine accelerates HIV replication [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary on Salmon et al. (2010): The case for safer inhalation facilities—waiting to inhale

Strathdee¹,

Navarro²

2010

Addiction

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Commentary on Salmon et al. (2010):The case for safer inhalation facilities-waiting to inhalea dd_2917 684..685 In recent years, a flurry of scholarly reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of supervised injection facilities (SIFs) as a strategy to reduce physical and social harms associated with injection drug use. Empirical data on SIFs lagged well behind their scale-up, but SIFs have now been shown to decrease HIV risk behaviors [1], overdose deaths [2] and public disorder [3], and increase uptake of detoxification services [4]. In this issue, Salmon and colleagues [5] demonstrate dramatic decreases in ambulance attendances at opioid-related overdoses in the period following the opening of the Sydney SIF, a finding that supports program cost-effectiveness [6]. While SIFs remain controversial, there are at least 90 SIFs in 40 cities globally. To this end, SIFs are becoming increasingly viewed as a necessary component of a comprehensive strategy to reduce drug-related harms and facilitate uptake of medical care and drug treatment among streetbased drug users [3,7].A logical extension of SIFs are supervised inhalation rooms (SIRs), intended for individuals who smoke or snort drugs such as crack cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine; yet most supervised drug consumption programs target drug injectors exclusively. In fact, SIRs operate in only a few countries (e.g. Germany, Holland, Switzerland and Spain) [8][9][10][11], and none have been evaluated formally.The rationale for SIRs may be less obvious than that for SIFs, but is no less important. Sharing of crack pipesparticularly among individuals with sores on their lips as a result of burns and cuts-may contribute to infectious disease transmission [12,13]. Inhalation of methamphetamine has been associated independently with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among female sex workers, even after accounting for injection drug use [14]. A recent laboratory study suggests that methamphetamine accelerates HIV replication [15]. Furthermore, police crackdowns often drive drug users into clandestine spaces (e.g. abandoned buildings, etc.), where their health is placed at risk [16]. Displacement of drug users contributes to their low uptake of public health and social services [17]. Because many drug smokers are stimulant users who are historically very difficult to engage in drug treatment, SIRs represent a pivotal entrypoint where they can begin to be reached. In Vancouver, willingness to use an inhalation room was associated independently with working in the sex trade, sharing crack pipes, having crack pipes confiscated by police, smoking crack in public places and having burns from hurried drug consumption [9]. As many cities are witnessing decreasing numbers of drug injectors but increasing numbers of people who smoke/snort drugs [18], SIRs warrant a close second look.A powerful case can be made in support of SIRs based upon the personal experience of one of the authors of this commentary (J.R.N.), who helped to coordinate a drug consumption facilit...

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Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Infection among Female Sex Workers in 2 Mexico–US Border Cities

Abstract: Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to identify and treat ulcerative sexually transmitted infections and reduce HIV risks associated with stimulants among FSWs in the Mexico-US border region.

Cited by 152 publications

References 14 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers and Their Non-commercial Male Partners in Two Mexico-USA Border Cities

Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers and Their Non-commercial Male Partners in Two Mexico-USA Border Cities

A Study on the HBV and the HCV Infections in Female Sex Workers and their Co-Infection with HIV

Commentary on Salmon et al. (2010): The case for safer inhalation facilities—waiting to inhale

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