Prevalence and determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among a sample of adult smokers in Baghdad, Iraq, 2014

Abstract

This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among a convenience sample of 325 adult smokers in Baghdad, Iraq, 2014. Beside demographic variables, participants had Lung Function Questionnaire to assess respiratory symptoms; individuals with a score of ≤18 had a spirometry examination. Those with FEV1/FVC ratio <70% had post bronchodilator spirometry; those with FEV1/FVC% of <70% and <200 ml improvement of FEV1 were considered COPD cases. Staging of COPD is done according to the degree of FEV1 reduction. The prevalence of COPD was 15.1% (95% confidence interval 11.5-19.4%); 62.5% had moderate and 27.1% had severe COPD. Only 12.5% had a prior physician diagnosis. Age >55 (OR=2.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-4.39), and pack year smoking >40 (OR =5.37, 95% confidence interval = 1.70-16.91) were the significant independent determinants. All adult smokers should have a spirometry testing and counseled to stop smoking.

Correlation between Serum Levels of Progranulin and Spirometric Readings in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

“…The test is then done 10-15 minutes after bronchodilation. If the response to bronchodilation is less than 200 ml, it is considered no response to bronchodilation and an irreversible obstruction, confirming the diagnosis of COPD (4,14). A venous blood sample of 2.5 milliliters was collected from each participant and put in a gel tube, then serum progranulin was measured using the Human PGRN (Progranulin) ELISA Kit (Elabscience/USA) for all participants, following the exact manufacturing source's procedure.…”

How to Enhance the Diagnosis of Early Stages of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? The Role of Mobile Spirometry in COPD Screening and Diagnosis—A Systematic Review

“…In these studies, patients with at least one respiratory symptom were eligible for spirometry. In the group of publications where respiratory symptoms were one of the inclusion criteria, there were four studies that used portable spirometers [25,30,31,34], six studies that used conventional spirometers [34,37,39,40,42,43], and two studies where the initial spirometry was performed using a portable spirometer or COPD-device and confirmed using a conventional spirometer [47,50].…”

“…Eleven studies using portable spirometers in the COPD-targeted -screening process met the predefined criteria (Group A, Table 1) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In all selected articles, a portable spirometer was used both for the baseline spirometry and in the postbronchodilator testing.…”

“…The youngest smokers (of at least 35 years of age) were invited to the COPD targeted screening programs in two studies performed in Middle East countries [27,31]. Both studies were conducted in the primary care setting with the use of handheld spirometers (Discovery 2 and FlowscreenCT).…”

The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Severe and Very Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

“…hronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable condition, characterized by airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with chronic inflammatory response in airways due to harmful, noxious particles or gases, especially in tobacco smoking exposure. Exacerbations and associated comorbidities with a significant extra pulmonary problem which may contribute to the severity in different patients (1) . Between 1.6 and 16% of COPD patients have diabetes, according to reports.…”