Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among business class community of Lahore, Pakistan

Farooq, Muhammad Asim; Rehmat, Saima; Rana, Ammara Ijaz; Farooqui, Maryam; Soban, Muhammad; Ali, Rai Waqas; Adil, Saleem; Jamshaid, Usama; Kanwal, Rabail; Ullah, Kalim; Bashir, Irfan

doi:10.3329/icpj.v5i10.29522

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…These findings align with research by Kamran et al, which highlighted the association between high salt intake and increased blood pressure in rural hypertensive patients in Pakistan (20). Furthermore, the study observed that a significant proportion of participants were not adhering to prescribed antihypertensive medications, a factor that critically affects blood pressure control and management (21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence of Hypertension in People Aged 40 Years and Above

Muhammad Usama Maooz Awan,

Zaman Akram,

Hafiza Hamna Mushtaq

et al. 2024

JHRR

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Background: A gap exists in the study of the prevalence of hypertension among people aged 40 years and above from different cities and hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the prevalence and associated risk factors. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension in individuals aged 40 years and above and to explore the relationship between hypertension and obesity, smoking, stress, family history, and various risk factors such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, salt intake, and fat intake. Methods: This observational study was conducted using a self-developed questionnaire. Participants were selected from different cities of Punjab province and those admitted to District Head Quarter (DHQ) Teaching Hospital, Sargodha. The study included 200 participants aged 40 years and above. Data collection was performed through a structured questionnaire, which covered socio-demographics, medical history, lifestyle factors, and clinical parameters. Blood pressure was measured using a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, applying descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression models to determine associations between hypertension and risk factors. Results: Out of 200 participants, 47% were hypertensive, 49.5% had normal blood pressure, and 3.5% had low blood pressure. Age distribution was as follows: 64% were aged 40-50 years, 30.5% were aged 51-60 years, and 5.5% were aged 61 years and older. Among the participants, 39% had a family history of cardiovascular disease, 34.5% had raised blood lipid profiles, 36% were overweight, and 11% were obese. Additionally, 55% of participants were within the weight range of 61-80 kg. Conclusion: The study concluded that age, weight, cholesterol levels, salt intake, and physical inactivity are major factors contributing to hypertension among individuals aged 40 years and above. The prevalence of hypertension in this population was high at 47%. The findings highlight the need for targeted public health strategies to address these risk factors. Keywords: Hypertension Prevalence, Middle-Aged Adults, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Obesity, Smoking, Stress, Family History, Blood Pressure, Punjab, Pakistan, SPSS Analysis

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence of Hypertension in People Aged 40 Years and Above

Muhammad Usama Maooz Awan,

Zaman Akram,

Hafiza Hamna Mushtaq

et al. 2024

JHRR

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“…The participants’ ages ranged from 5–80 years, and the study populations included medical students, university teachers, in-service/retired adults, businessmen, drivers/conductors, factory workers, clerks, shopkeepers, all working individuals, elderly individuals, and school children. Six studies were conducted in rural areas [ 37 – 42 ], 8 were carried out in urban populations [ 43 – 50 ], and the remaining 23 (62.2%) sampled a combination of the two. Five (13.5%) studies included only women [ 37 , 51 – 54 ], 1 study [ 36 ] included only men, and 2 [ 48 , 50 ] were based on schoolchildren.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven (18.9%) studies (5 cross-sectional [ 40 , 41 , 57 , 61 , 66 ] and 2 case-control [ 31 , 36 ]) reported adjusted ORs (95% CI) using multiple logistic regression analyses. Six (16.2%) studies (cross- sectional [ 38 , 43 , 46 , 55 , 58 , 64 ]) had descriptive analyses and the remaining 7 (18.9%) studies analyzed data using the Chi-Square test, t-test, or correlation analyses ( S1 Table ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three health-related factors were significantly related to hypertension and were reported by at least three studies were: a family history of hypertension [ 31 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 55 ], BMI (overweight and obesity vs. normal-weight) [ 36 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 52 – 55 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 65 ], and diabetes [ 36 , 40 , 42 , 49 , 51 , 57 , 60 ]. The pooled ORs (95% CI) of the above factors were 1.91 (1.51–2.42), 1.95 (1.55–2.44), 2.95 (2.26–3.84) and 2.94 (1.88–4.59), respectively ( Table 1 , Fig 3 and S15 – S20 Figs).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background High blood pressure is an important public health concern and the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity. To assess the implications of this condition, we aimed to review the existing literature and study the factors that are significantly associated with hypertension in the Pakistani population. Methods We conducted several electronic searches in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Elsevier, and manually searched the citations of published articles on hypertension from May 2019 to August 2019. We included all studies that examined factors associated with hypertension regardless of the study design. To assess the quality of the research, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We also conducted meta-analyses using the DerSimonian & Laird random-effects model to collate results from at least three studies. Results We included 30 cross-sectional and 7 case-control studies (99,391 participants country-wide) in this review and found 13 (35.1%) to be high-quality studies. We identified 5 socio-demographic, 3 lifestyle, 3 health-related, and 4 psychological variables that were significantly associated with hypertension. Adults aged between 30–60 years who were married, living in urban areas with high incomes, used tobacco, had a family history of hypertension, and had comorbidities (overweight, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues) were positively associated with hypertension. On the other hand, individuals having high education levels, normal physical activity, and unrestricted salt in their diet were negatively associated with hypertension. Conclusion We found several socio-demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and psychological factors that were significantly (positively and negatively) associated with hypertension. Our findings may help physicians and public health workers to identify high-risk groups and recommend appropriate prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate these factors rigorously and collate global evidence on the same.

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The Assessment of Knowledge and lifestyle modification among people with Hypertension

Arif

Saddique

Tasneem

2021

NRS

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High or elevated blood pressure is referred to as hypertension, which is a problem for public health. Objectives: To the assessment of knowledge and lifestyle modification among people with hypertension at Jinnah hospital. Methods: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Research Study Design was used to assess the lifestyle modification among people with hypertension. The convenient sampling technique was used to gather the information from population. Clients diagnosed of hypertension and who regularly met appointment dates at the Outpatients Departments for at least nine months duration were included in this study. Results: The Knowledge was assessed by knowledge questionnaire. The descriptive analysis was done. Cranach alpha, Bartlett’s and KMO and Kolmogorov Smirnov Test values have been checked to insure the validity in our context. A Descriptive Cross Sectional research design was used. A total of 300 respondents were conveniently sampled for this study. The overall results of this study show that peoples have knowledge, but they do not implement on their selves and lack of practice also affects high blood pressure. Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of lifestyle change among hypertensive patients was generally low. There is a lack of practice and awareness of lifestyle change among hypertensive patients. Patients should implement their knowledge regarding hypertension. Patient should be informed about suggested lifestyle changes that may help them to control their blood pressure.

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Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among business class community of Lahore, Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Prevalence of Hypertension in People Aged 40 Years and Above

Prevalence of Hypertension in People Aged 40 Years and Above

Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Assessment of Knowledge and lifestyle modification among people with Hypertension

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