Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among Iraqi adolescents: Iraq GYTS 2012

Abstract

BackgroundThe use of any form of tobacco by 13–15 year old individuals is 10% globally as identified through the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among Iraqi adolescents.MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out on 1750 participants selected randomly from preparatory and secondary schools in Baghdad, Iraq in 2012. Through a multistage stratified random sample scheme. The GYTS questionnaire was applied.ResultsThe study results indicated that 21.8% of Iraqi adolescents are tobacco users (male 27.1%, female 12.7%). Cigarette smoking was noted as the main type of tobacco use (13.9%) followed by shisha (4.8%) and pipe (1.4%). The stepwise logistic regression indicated a number of predictors of tobacco use. Male adolescents were twice more likely to be tobacco users than female students (OR 2.31; 95%C.I: 1.57-3.42). Furthermore, students whose parents or sibling were smokers had doubled the risk of tobacco use relative to those with no parents or siblings current smokers (OR1.97; 95%C.I: 1.04-2.77 and OR1.86; 95%C.I: 1.21-2.87 respectively). Having close friends who smoked was also identified as an important risk factor towards adolescent tobacco use. Those who reported that some of their friends smoked were 2.67 times more likely to be smokers (95%C.I: 1.83-3.89), while those who reported that most/all of their friends were smokers were 8.18 times more likely to be smokers themselves (95%C.I: 4.65-14.39).ConclusionSmoking rates among Iraqi adolescents were found to be among the higher rates of adolescent smoking prevalence in the Middle East. Multiple family and peer related characteristics were related to tobacco use. Preventive activities should take place to curb the tobacco epidemic in Iraq.

Prevalence of Dokha Use among Secondary School Students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates

“…In our study we found that most of the dokha smokers smoke all 30 days (32.8%) while in Iraq 2013 they found As age increases the proportion of ever smoking and ever dokha smoking and current dokha smoking increased that majority of the students (38%) smoked for 1 to 2 days in the last 30 days and only 19.6% smoke everyday (Hussain and Satar, 2013). Study done in Saudi Arabia 2007 showed that most of the students (52%) smoked for 1 to 2 days in the last 30 days and only 6% smoke every day, and most of them smoked more than 4 times a day 29.1% and 2.4% prefer to smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day (Abdalla et al, 2007) 24.6% of young hookah smokers in Pune India smoked every day (Kakodkar and Bansal, 2013).…”

Trends in Smoking among University Students between 2005-2012 in Sakarya, Turkey

“…In our study population, the odds of being smoker were high if a student was male, had smoker mother/ sibling/peer, had low school success, was of low familial income, or lived at places except for dormitories although these correlates of being smoker are not peculiar to Turkish university students. All around the world tobacco consumption studies revealed these associates of smoking (Kabir, 2007;Binu et al, 2010;Cai et al, 2012;Reda et al, 2012;Hussain et al, 2013;Kaleta et al, 2013;Karimy et al, 2013).…”

Fumar entre adolescentes: análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de factores psicosociales asociados con la decisión de fumar en escolares mexicanos

“…En la legislación se prohíbe la venta de cigarros a menores de edad, sin embargo, casi la mitad de los estudiantes ha comprado cigarros en tiendas y no se les negó la venta a pesar de su edad 35 aunque esté prohibido. 45 Respecto a la presión del grupo para fumar, si bien en los GF no se reportó explícitamente, sí se observó la influencia que existe por parte del grupo de amigos fumadores, ya que la mayoría de las veces el consumo se hace con el grupo de pares, como un acto social y como una forma de compartir en grupo 4,8,9,[21][22][23] y aún más cuando el mismo grupo tiene acceso a la compra de cigarros en el contexto en el que se desenvuelve, pudiendo volverse fácilmente una adicción social que posteriormente pasa a un consumo individual y a una adicción física. 13,19 Los factores que se asocian inversamente al inicio en el uso de tabaco fueron: tener una actitud de autocuidado, considerar que son jóvenes para fumar, percepción negativa de los fumadores, actitud de rechazo hacia el consumo y tener conocimientos claros sobre el riesgo que implica.…”

“…En la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Jóvenes (ETJ) se describe el patrón de consumo y comportamiento del adolescente. [6][7][8][9][10][11] También existe evidencia de factores interrelacionados que se asocian con el inicio y la transición al consumo frecuente de tabaco. [12][13][14][15][16] Éstos incluyen factores personales (edad, baja autoestima, percepción del riesgo), factores familiares (padre o madre fumador, estilos de educación, actitud de los padres hacia el tabaco), [17][18][19][20][21] factores sociales (grupos de iguales), 22,23 entorno escolar (hablar sobre sus efectos, permisividad escolar) 24 y factores ambientales (publicidad, disponibilidad).…”