Prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants ofEscherichia coliisolates obtained from meat in South Africa

Abstract

28Objective: This study aimed to characterise antibiotics resistance of Escherichia coli isolates 29 from the formal meat sector (FMS) and informal meat sectors (INMS). 30Method: A total of 162 and 102 E. coli isolates from the FMS, and INMS respectively were 31 isolated by standard culture-based, and biochemical reactions. The isolates were further 32 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disc diffusion method was used to 33 screen for antimicrobial susceptibility against 19 different antibiotics. The presence of class 34 1-2 integrons in each E. coli isolates was assessed using 3-CS and 5-CS regions specific 35 primers. 36Result: Among the 19 antimicrobials, resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 37 cephalosporins, and nitrofurans were found to be more frequent than carbapenems and 38 phenicol with a noticeable increase in the number of multi-drug resistance ranging from three 39 to ten antimicrobials. A total of 20 resistance determinants were assessed with their 40 prevalence and distributions obtained as follows for FMS and INMS respectively; 41 [aminoglycosides: aadA (40.6%; 31.9%), aacC2 (21.4%; 31%), aphA1 (20.8%; 15.1%), 42 aphA2 (37.7%; 18.9%) and strA (6.5%; 9.4%)], [β-lactams: ampC (20%; 45%), blaTEM, 43 (4.4%; 13.3), and blaZ (8.9%; 2.2%)], [Chloramphenicol: catI (1.7%; 1.7%), and cmIA1 44 (1.7%; 1.7%)] and [tetracyclines: tetA (7.7%; 15.4%), tetB (11.5%; 24%), and tetM, (1.9%; 45 8.7%)], and [sulfonamides: sul1 (22.2%; 26.7%), sul2 (17.8%; 6.7%)]. 46 Conclusion: Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes ranged from 0.2 -0.5. The results 47 reveal a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates and resistance determinants 48 suggesting that consumers and handlers of such meat are at risk of contracting antibiotic 49 resistant E. coli-related foodborne disease. 50 51 1 Background 53Meat is a high-risk food, and many studies have shown a causal relationship between meat 54 consumption and disease outbreaks. Meat-related foodborne diseases frequently occur due to 55 the consumption of Escherichia coli contaminated raw or poorly processed meat. The United 56 States, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates for the year 2011 that one 57 in six or forty-eight million people are infected with a foodborne illness each year, resulting 58 in 3000 deaths. Of this number, E. coli O157: H7 caused an estimated 73480 illnesses each 59 year, resulting in more than 2000 hospitalisations and 60 deaths [1]. 60 Even though raw food hygiene and food safety epidemiology is still in its infancy in Africa, 61 foodborne disease (FBD) is common in developing countries. For instance, 10200 cases of 62 Shiga toxin E.coli (STEC) related FBD was reported in WHO subregion AFR D and E circa 3 63 2012 [2]. The actual prevalence of food-borne infections is difficult to determine, primarily 64 because only a small percentage of incidence is officially reported. Even when cases of 65 foodborne infections are reported, only in a limited number is the aetiology determined [3]. 6...

Genetic Characterization of Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli Strain from Cow Milk and Its Products Sold in Abuja, Nigeria

“…Beta-lactams, tetracycline and amphenicols were the most frequent multidrug resistance patterns and this agrees with the work of Hossain et al [44]. This suggests that the raw cow milk and its products is a high risk food that could possibly transfer resistant food pathogens to humans through consumption [45]. Worldwide, the consumption of raw milk [40] in both developed [48,27] and undeveloped countries is on the rise because of the health benefits to be derived.…”

“…The finding agrees with the report of Sobur et al [41], that E. coli isolated from raw milk showed high resistance to tetracycline (89.44%), oxytetracycline (78.89%), Hossain et al [44] reported tetracycline resistance (70%), amoxicillin resistance (84%) and Sharma et al [39] reported tetracycline resistance of (33.34%). Jaja et al [45] reported that the E. coli isolated from meat in South Africa showed resistance to Chloramphenicol (24.5%), Ceftrioxone (20.6%).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa

“…Molecular confirmation of presumptive S. aureus and E. coli isolates was done by PCR using a primer pair to target the thermonuclease (Nuc) gene for S. aureus [ 14 , 38 ] and uidA gene for E. coli [ 39 , 40 ] (Figures 1 and 2 ). Quality control strains S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 served as positive controls.…”