Prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa, 1989–2021: A narrative review

Abstract

Background: Human papillomavirus infection, a causative agent of cervical cancer, is of great concern, more so in populations with high HIV prevalence, such as South Africa.Aim: This review aimed to examine the prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa.Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using key words. For data integrity, data was assessed by two authors independently. The study inclusion criteria comprised records on cervical HPV, HPV genotyping and HPV type distribution among South African women. Statistical analysis was performed using Social Science Statistics.Results: Sixty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Data on cervical HPV prevalence and type distribution was available only for five of the nine provinces of South Africa. Only 4/69 studies used sequencing as an approach to identify HPV types. In a general population, HPV type 16 was the most frequent (8.80%), followed by types 35 (4.86%), 18 (4.14%), 58 and 52 with the frequency of 3.65% and 3.62%, respectively. Furthermore, the least frequent type was HPV 70 (0.74%). Both HIV infected and HIV uninfected populations had a higher prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types 16, 18 and 35 than other HPV types; while HPV types 6, 11 and 70 were the least frequent types from these populations. Lastly, HPV 16 was the most predominant type among women with normal (2.03%) and abnormal cervical cytology (6.60%).Conclusion: Expanding on HPV genotyping will improve the knowledge in patterns of HPV type distribution in South Africa that will further help in decision making to improve current diagnostics, and future vaccine development and assessment.

Human Papillomavirus Types and Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Sex Workers in Cameroon

“…Just like our study, several studies did not find any statistically significant association between condom use and HPV infection among FSWs [13,[20][21][22]34]. On the contrary, a study conducted in Benin and Mali found that condoms were able to protect against infection with HPV among FSWs (p = 0.004) [35].…”

“…The HPV genotyping was performed using an AmpFire HPV analyzer, Atila BioSystems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA. The AmpFire technology uses multiplex isothermal real-time fluorescence to detect HPV in cervico-vaginal specimens and it can genotype 15 high-risk types of HPV including types 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56,58,59, 66, and 68 [16].…”

“…In a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies performed on HPV prevalence among FSWs in SSA, type 16 was the most prevalent followed by types 52 and 53 [27]. In a South African study among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, HPV type 16 was the most prevalent [35]. Though types 52 and 53 were among the top three types in this study, type 16, which came in the first position, was the least prevalent in our population.…”

“…Due to occupational exposure, female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the principal cause of cervical precancer and cancer [1,2]. HPVs are subdivided into two groups: the low-risk types including HPV types 1, 2, 6, 8, 11, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 61, 69, 71, 72, 81, 83, and 84, which are commonly associated with benign manifestations such as warts, papillomas, condylomata, and focal epithelial hyperplasia; and high-risk types including HPV types 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56,58,59, 66, 68, 73, and 82 which are associated with malignant manifestations [3]. The cervical precancerous lesion is asymptomatic and takes several years to progress to invasive cervical cancer (ICC) [1,4].…”

Cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in a high HIV setting: A scoping review of a decade of human papillomavirus epidemiological research in Botswana

“…The findings for HPV-16 are in agreement with those from Castellsagué et al (41) and Edna Omar et al (42) concerning the HPV genotypes and cervical cancer cases. However, HPV-18 shows a higher prevalence in Botswana population (26,27,30,31) than in the reported studies (43,44). Although the majority of HPV infections in early ages clear spontaneously (45, 46), some do become chronic infections and may potentially evolve to malignant transformation of the cervix.…”