Prevalence and epidemiology of intestinal parasitism, as revealed by three distinct techniques in an endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon

Valverde, Joanna Gardel; Gomes-Silva, Adriano; Moreira, Carlos José de Carvalho; Souza, Daniela Leles de; Jaeger, Lauren Hubert; Martins, Patrícia Pais; Meneses, V F; Bóia, Márcio Neves; Carvalho-Costa, Filipe Aníbal

doi:10.1179/1364859411y.0000000034

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This method has been compared to different conventional methods in several studies, showing that it increases the detection rate by 3.6–4 times compared to the FECT or direct smear [34], [35], [36]. In a study conducted in China comparing DS, an ether concentration technique (ECT), Kato-Katz, Koga agar plate method and Baermann method, the best sensitivity was obtained with the Baermann method (all cases were detected by this method) and both ECT and DS failed to identified even a single case [37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Laboratory Diagnosis and Follow Up of Strongyloidiasis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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BackgroundStrongyloidiasis is frequently under diagnosed since many infections remain asymptomatic and conventional diagnostic tests based on parasitological examination are not sufficiently sensitive. Serology is useful but is still only available in reference laboratories. The need for improved diagnostic tests in terms of sensitivity and specificity is clear, particularly in immunocompromised patients or candidates to immunosuppressive treatments. This review aims to evaluate both conventional and novel techniques for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis as well as available cure markers for this parasitic infection.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe search strategy was based on the data-base sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Register for systematic review, EmBase, Global Health and LILACS and was limited in the search string to articles published from 1960 to August 2012 and to English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and German languages. Case reports, case series and animal studies were excluded. 2003 potentially relevant citations were selected for retrieval, of which 1649 were selected for review of the abstract. 143 were eligible for final inclusion.ConclusionsSensitivity of microscopic-based techniques is not good enough, particularly in chronic infections. Furthermore, techniques such as Baermann or agar plate culture are cumbersome and time-consuming and several specimens should be collected on different days to improve the detection rate. Serology is a useful tool but it might overestimate the prevalence of disease due to cross-reactivity with other nematode infections and its difficulty distinguishing recent from past (and cured) infections. To evaluate treatment efficacy is still a major concern because direct parasitological methods might overestimate it and the serology has not yet been well evaluated; even if there is a decline in antibody titres after treatment, it is slow and it needs to be done at 6 to 12 months after treatment which can cause a substantial loss to follow-up in a clinical trial.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Laboratory Diagnosis and Follow Up of Strongyloidiasis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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“…34 relevant papers on STH ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , hookworm disease) were found (China [GBD #1] four [ 25 , 37 – 39 ]; India [GBD #2] three [ 40 – 42 ]; Vietnam [GBD #5] five [ 43 – 47 ]; Malaysia [GBD #6] three [ 48 – 50 ]; Nigeria [GBD #8] three [ 51 – 53 ]; Brazil [GBD #9] ten [ 5 , 54 – 62 ]; Nepal [GBD #14] one [ 63 ]; Pakistan [GBD #15] one [ 64 ]; Ethiopia [GBD #16] one [ 65 ]; Colombia [GBD #18] one [ 66 ]; Tanzania [GBD #19] one [ 67 ]; Thailand [GBD #20] one) ( S3 Table ) [ 68 ]. In addition, we found two relevant studies (Ethiopia, Nigeria) about combined STH and schistosomiasis infection [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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BackgroundNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are generally assumed to be concentrated in poor populations, but evidence on this remains scattered. We describe within-country socioeconomic inequalities in nine NTDs listed in the London Declaration for intensified control and/or elimination: lymphatic filariasis (LF), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), trachoma, Chagas’ disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL).MethodologyWe conducted a systematic literature review, including publications between 2004–2013 found in Embase, Medline (OvidSP), Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Popline, Lilacs, and Scielo. We included publications in international peer-reviewed journals on studies concerning the top 20 countries in terms of the burden of the NTD under study.Principal findingsWe identified 5,516 publications, of which 93 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 59 papers reported substantial and statistically significant socioeconomic inequalities in NTD distribution, with higher odds of infection or disease among poor and less-educated people compared with better-off groups. The findings were mixed in 23 studies, and 11 studies showed no substantial or statistically significant inequality. Most information was available for STH, VL, schistosomiasis, and, to a lesser extent, for trachoma. For the other NTDs, evidence on their socioeconomic distribution was scarce.The magnitude of inequality varied, but often, the odds of infection or disease were twice as high among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups compared with better-off strata. Inequalities often took the form of a gradient, with higher odds of infection or disease each step down the socioeconomic hierarchy. Notwithstanding these inequalities, the prevalence of some NTDs was sometimes also high among better-off groups in some highly endemic areas.ConclusionsWhile recent evidence on socioeconomic inequalities is scarce for most individual NTDs, for some, there is considerable evidence of substantially higher odds of infection or disease among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. NTD control activities as proposed in the London Declaration, when set up in a way that they reach the most in need, will benefit the poorest populations in poor countries.

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“…This technique is based on centrifuge-sedimentation and is employed for the detection of helminths and protozoan structures in stool samples as part of routine laboratory and epidemiological studies (VALVERDE et al, 2011). The technique involves the use of ether and formalin solutions to dissolve fat elements present in faeces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of larvae of Toxocara canis in milk: an experimental study in rabbits

et al. 2014

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Toxocariasis, caused most commonly by Toxocara canis, is an important cosmopolitan zoonosis. Paratenic hosts have been employed to provide knowledge regard to the transmission of toxocariasis. Transmammary transmission in murine experimentally infected was observed based on the recovery of larvae from the tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of transmammary transmission of Toxocara canis in rabbits by detecting larvae directly in milk. Seventeen sexually mature virgin white New Zealand female rabbits were divided into two groups. Twelve animals were orally inoculated with 1,000 T. canis embryonated eggs (infected group), and five animals remained uninfected (control group). One month following the infection, the females were mated. Manual collection of 500 µL of milk from each rabbit was performed on days +7, +14 and +21 of lactation for three consecutive lactations. The recovery of larvae was determined via a centrifuge-sedimentation technique using ether and formalin solutions. ELISA test was run to confirm the production of anti-T. canis antibodies (IgG) by infected rabbits. The presence of larvae was observed in milk samples from 5 (41.7%) of the 12 infected rabbits. The total number of recovered larvae was 20, ranging from 1 to 4 larvae per lactation/rabbit. Larvae were recovered exclusively on days 7 and 14 of lactation. Recovery was verified in different lactations. No significant difference was observed with respect to the number of larvae either in the same lactation period or in different lactation periods. Anti-T. canis antibodies were detected in all infected rabbits. In conclusion, the presence of larvae in rabbit milk samples suggests the possibility of galactogenic transmission of T. canis in paratenic hosts. Moreover, the technique employed in this study allows for the recovery of larvae directly from milk. a recuperação de larvas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar a possibilidade de transmissão transmamária de Toxocara canis em coelhos, pela detecção direta de larvas no leite. Dezessete coelhas (Nova Zelândia branca) púberes e virgens foram distribuídas em dois grupos. Doze fêmeas foram infectadas com 1000 ovos embrionados de T. canis (Grupo Infectado), por via oral, enquanto outras cinco coelhas foram mantidas sem infecção (Grupo Controle). Um mês após a inoculação, as coelhas foram acasaladas. Nos dias +7, +14 e +21 após o nascimento dos filhotes, foram coletados, por ordenha manual, 500µL de leite, em três lactações consecutivas. A recuperação de larvas foi determinada pelo uso da técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação com formol-éter. A técnica de ELISA foi empregada para confirmar a produção de anticorpos (IgG) anti-T. canis pelas fêmeas infectadas. Observou-se a presença de larvas em cinco das doze (41,7%) coelhas por amostra. As larvas foram recuperadas exclusivamente nos dias +7, +14 de lactação. A detecção foi observada em diferentes lactações. Não houve diferença significativa entre o número de larvas na mesma lactação ou entre as diferentes lact...

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Prevalence and epidemiology of intestinal parasitism, as revealed by three distinct techniques in an endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

The Laboratory Diagnosis and Follow Up of Strongyloidiasis: A Systematic Review

The Laboratory Diagnosis and Follow Up of Strongyloidiasis: A Systematic Review

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review

Detection of larvae of Toxocara canis in milk: an experimental study in rabbits

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