Prevalence and identification of fungal DNA in the small intestine of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathies

Suchodolski, Jan S.; Morris, Erin K.; Allenspach, Karin; Jergens, Albert E.; Harmoinen, Jaana; Westermarck, Elias; Steiner, Jörg M.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.017

Cited by 51 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The second explanation is that there is truly increased Torula yeast colonization in patients with IBD, which at present seems more likely. Members of the fungal genus Pichia can be pathogens in humans, especially in immunocompromised hosts (60), Pichia species may also lead to enteritis in animals (61, 62), and pathogenesis by Candida species is well described. Further study is needed to clarify whether colonization is related to disease pathogenesis or whether it is a consequence of gut inflammation or immune suppressive therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chehoud

Albenberg

Judge

et al. 2015

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

221

199

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Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves dysregulation of mucosal immunity in response to environmental factors such as the gut microbiota. The bacterial microbiota is often altered in IBD, but the connection to disease is not fully clarified, and gut fungi have recently been suggested to play a role as well. In this study, we compared microbes from all three domains of life–bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota–in pediatric patients with IBD and healthy controls. Methods A stool sample was collected from patients with IBD (n=34) or health control subjects (n=90), and bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities were characterized by deep sequencing of rRNA gene segments specific to each domain. Results IBD patients (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) had lower bacterial diversity and distinctive fungal communities. Two lineages annotating as Candida were significantly more abundant in IBD patients (p = 0.0034 and p=0.00038, respectively) while a lineage annotating as Cladosporium was more abundant in healthy subjects (p=0.0025). There were no statistically significant differences in archaea, which were rare in pediatric samples compared to those from adults. Conclusions Pediatric IBD is associated with reduced diversity in both fungal and bacterial gut microbiota. Specific Candida taxa were increased in abundance in the IBD samples. These data emphasize the potential importance of fungal microbiota signatures as biomarkers of pediatric IBD, supporting their possible role in disease pathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chehoud

Albenberg

Judge

et al. 2015

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

221

199

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“…Cul-tivation studies have reported yeasts and molds in the intestine of approximately 25% healthy Beagle dogs (Davis et al, 1977;Méntula et al, 2005). Molecular tools have revealed fungi in the small intestine of 76% of the dogs evaluated (Suchodolski et al, 2008b). A recent metagenomic approach estimated the abundance of fungi in canine fecal samples as <0.1% of total microbiota .…”

Section: Fungi Archaea and Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats1

Suchodolski

2011

Journal of Animal Science

141

104

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Recent molecular studies have revealed complex bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral communities in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. More than 10 bacterial phyla have been identified, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria constituting more than 99% of all gut microbiota. Microbes act as a defending barrier against invading pathogens, aid in digestion, provide nutritional support for enterocytes, and play a crucial role in the development of the immune system. Of significance for gastrointestinal health is their ability to ferment dietary substrates into short-chain fatty acids, predominantly to acetate, propionate, and butyrate. However, microbes can have also a detrimental effect on host health. Specific pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens) have been implicated in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease. Compositional changes in the small intestinal microbiota, potentially leading to changes in intestinal permeability and digestive function, have been suggested in canine small intestinal dysbiosis or antibiotic-responsive diarrhea. There is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine and feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current theories for the development of IBD favor a combination of environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota, and a genetic susceptibility of the host. Recent studies have revealed a genetic susceptibility for defective bacterial clearance in Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis. Differential expression of pathogen recognition receptors (i.e., Toll-like receptors) were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Similarly to humans, a microbial dysbiosis has been identified in feline and canine IBD. Commonly observed microbial changes are increased Proteobacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli) with concurrent decreases in Firmicutes, especially a reduced diversity in Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium spp.). This would indicate that these bacterial groups, important short-chain fatty acid producers, may play an important role in promoting intestinal health.

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“…Recent molecular methodologies, typically based on amplification and identification of 16S ribosomal RNA genes, have revealed highly complex and diverse bacterial, fungal, and viral communities within the intestinal tract of mammals [1-4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin on microbial diversity in the canine small intestine as demonstrated by massive parallel 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Dowd²,

et al. 2009

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BackgroundRecent studies have shown that the fecal microbiota is generally resilient to short-term antibiotic administration, but some bacterial taxa may remain depressed for several months. Limited information is available about the effect of antimicrobials on small intestinal microbiota, an important contributor to gastrointestinal health. The antibiotic tylosin is often successfully used for the treatment of chronic diarrhea in dogs, but its exact mode of action and its effect on the intestinal microbiota remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tylosin on canine jejunal microbiota. Tylosin was administered at 20 to 22 mg/kg q 24 hr for 14 days to five healthy dogs, each with a pre-existing jejunal fistula. Jejunal brush samples were collected through the fistula on days 0, 14, and 28 (14 days after withdrawal of tylosin). Bacterial diversity was characterized using massive parallel 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing.ResultsPyrosequencing revealed a previously unrecognized species richness in the canine small intestine. Ten bacterial phyla were identified. Microbial populations were phylogenetically more similar during tylosin treatment. However, a remarkable inter-individual response was observed for specific taxa. Fusobacteria, Bacteroidales, and Moraxella tended to decrease. The proportions of Enterococcus-like organisms, Pasteurella spp., and Dietzia spp. increased significantly during tylosin administration (p < 0.05). The proportion of Escherichia coli-like organisms increased by day 28 (p = 0.04). These changes were not accompanied by any obvious clinical effects. On day 28, the phylogenetic composition of the microbiota was similar to day 0 in only 2 of 5 dogs. Bacterial diversity resembled the pre-treatment state in 3 of 5 dogs. Several bacterial taxa such as Spirochaetes, Streptomycetaceae, and Prevotellaceae failed to recover at day 28 (p < 0.05). Several bacterial groups considered to be sensitive to tylosin increased in their proportions.ConclusionTylosin may lead to prolonged effects on the composition and diversity of jejunal microbiota. However, these changes were not associated with any short-term clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease in healthy dogs. Our results illustrate the complexity of the intestinal microbiota and the challenges associated with evaluating the effect of antibiotic administration on the various bacterial groups and their potential interactions.

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Prevalence and identification of fungal DNA in the small intestine of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathies

Cited by 51 publications

References 27 publications

Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats1

The effect of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin on microbial diversity in the canine small intestine as demonstrated by massive parallel 16S rRNA gene sequencing

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