Prevalence and Incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Males in Rhode Island Prisons

Macalino, Grace; Vlahov, David; Sanford-Colby, Stephanie; Patel, Sarju; Sabin, Keith; Salas, Christopher; Rich, Josiah D.

doi:10.2105/ajph.94.7.1218

Cited by 224 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The high prevalence of lifetime incarceration among STRIVE participants is not surprising given that previous studies have also shown higher rates of HCV and other blood-borne viruses among previously incarcerated individuals. [29][30][31] Finally, as shown in other research studies among IDUs, access to and utilization of health-care services are poor among this population. 32 It is important to note that a significant portion of this sample either did not have (31%) or were uncertain (12%) about their health-insurance coverage.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Design and Feasibility of a Randomized Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Distributive Injection Risk and Improve Health-Care Access Among hepatitisC virus Positive Injection Drug Users: The Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE)

Kapadia

Latka

Hagan³

et al. 2007

J Urban Health

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is hyperendemic among injection drug users (IDUs). However, few scientifically proven interventions to prevent secondary transmission of HCV from infected IDUs to others exist. This report describes the design, feasibility, and baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in the Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposure (STRIVE). STRIVE was a multisite, randomized-control trial to test a behavioral intervention developed to reduce distribution of used injection equipment (needles, cookers, cottons, and rinse water) and increase health-care utilization among antibody HCV (anti-HCV) positive IDUs. STRIVE enrolled anti-HCV positive IDU in Baltimore, New York City, and Seattle; participants completed behavioral assessments and venipuncture for HIV, HCV-RNA, and liver function tests (LFTs) and were randomized to attend either a six-session, small-group, peer-mentoring intervention workshop or a timematched, attention-control condition. Follow-up visits were conducted at 3 and 6 months. At baseline, of the 630 HCV-positive IDUs enrolled (mean age of 26 years, 60% white, 76% male), 55% reported distributive needle sharing, whereas 74, 69, and 69% reported sharing cookers, cottons, and rinse water, respectively. Health-care access was low, with 41% reporting an emergency room as their main source of medical care. Among those enrolled, 66% (418/630) were randomized: 53% (222/418) and 47% (196/418) to the intervention and control conditions, respectively. Follow-up rates were 70 and 73% for the 3-and 6-month visits, respectively. As distributive sharing of used injection equipment was common while reports of receiving HCV care were low, these findings indicate an urgent need for HCV-related interventions with IDUs and demonstrate the acceptability and feasibility to do so.Kapadia is with the Guttmacher Institute,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Design and Feasibility of a Randomized Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Distributive Injection Risk and Improve Health-Care Access Among hepatitisC virus Positive Injection Drug Users: The Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE)

Kapadia

Latka

Hagan³

et al. 2007

J Urban Health

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“…While oversampling ICD9-coded records may also have inflated our results, applying the appropriate weighting to each subsample yielded a 26 % prevalence estimate which is remarkably consistent with previously reported rates in Rhode Island. 12,25,40 Only 42 % of patients had an available genotype. In the near term, this may impact costs but as more pangenotypic therapies become available in the next few years, genotype will become less of a cost driver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Specific to the RIDOC population, studies have reported HCV prevalence rates from 23 to 27 %. 12,25,40,41 We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all incarcerations at RIDOC as of February 2014 and reviewed the electronic medical records (EMR) for data on screening uptake and clinical characteristics (see Fig. 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,4 Incarcerated individuals are at high risk for HCV due to higher rates of transmission risk behaviors among those incarcerated, such as injection drug use. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] A 2013 meta-analysis estimated the HCV prevalence in general detainees to be 26 % worldwide and 29 % in North America. 16 As HCV testing in corrections is not mandatory in most jurisdictions, the variable prevalence of diagnosed HCV may in part reflect different screening and management practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Budget Impact Analysis of Newly Available Hepatitis C Therapeutics and the Financial Burden on a State Correctional System

et al. 2015

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to disproportionately affect incarcerated populations. New HCV drugs present opportunities and challenges to address HCVin corrections. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the treatment costs for HCV infection in a state correctional population through a budget impact analysis comparing differing treatment strategies. Electronic and paper medical records were reviewed to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C within the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. Three treatment strategies were evaluated as follows: (1) treating all chronically infected persons, (2) treating only patients with demonstrated fibrosis, and (3) treating only patients with advanced fibrosis. Budget impact was computed as the percentage of pharmacy and overall healthcare expenditures accrued by total drug costs assuming entirely interferon-free therapy. Sensitivity analyses assessed potential variance in costs related to variability in HCV prevalence, genotype, estimated variation in market pricing, length of stay for the sentenced population, and uptake of newly available regimens. Chronic HCV prevalence was estimated at 17 % of the total population. Treating all sentenced inmates with at least 6 months remaining of their sentence would cost about $34 million-13 times the pharmacy budget and almost twice the overall healthcare budget. Treating inmates with advanced fibrosis would cost about $15 million. A hypothetical 50 % reduction in total drug costs for future therapies could cost $17 million to treat all eligible inmates. With immense costs projected with new treatment, it is unlikely that correctional facilities will have the capacity to treat all those afflicted with HCV. Alternative payment strategies in collaboration with outside programs may be necessary to curb this epidemic. In order to improve care and treatment delivery, drug costs also need to be seriously reevaluated to be more accessible and equitable now that HCV is more curable.

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“…Se han observado altas prevalencias del virus de la hepatitis C en instituciones penitenciarias de Francia (4,9%), España (34,2% a 38,2%), Italia (38,2% a 90%), Australia (30,2% a 42%), Irlanda ((72%), Irán (45,4%), Ghana (18,7% a 19,2%), México (10%), Estados Unidos (13% a 23,1%) y Canadá (15,9% a 16,6%) (6,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). En América latina, los únicos datos publicados sobre la infección en reclusos provienen de Brasil, donde se han observado prevalencias de 4,8% a 41% (13,14,31).…”

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Baja prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en una población de reclusos, Maracaibo, Venezuela

et al. 2009

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Introducción. Las conductas de alto riesgo presentes en los centros de reclusión incrementan la probabilidad de transmisión de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C. En Venezuela no se han realizado estudios del virus en estos centros, por lo que se desconoce la relevancia de la infección en ellos. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia del virus de la hepatitis C y los posibles factores de riesgos involucrados en la transmisión del virus en reclusos de la cárcel de Sabaneta, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Material y métodos. Se seleccionó una población de 200 reclusos de un total de 1.000.Las edades estaban comprendidas entre 18 y 69 años (media ± DE: 31,62 ± 9,93 años). La detección de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis C se realizó por duplicado mediante el método inmunoenzimático ELISA de IV generación y por el método de inmunoblot INNO-LIA HCV®, ambos de Innogenetic Lab (Bélgica). El ARN viral se detectó por la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, previa transcripción inversa, RT-PCR. Resultados. La frecuencia obtenida con el método ELISA fue de 5% (10/200) y 3/200 (1,5%) individuos fueron positivos, a la vez, con los métodos de INNO-LIA y RT-PCR. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en esta población fue baja, lo que evidencia la baja circulación del virus en el reclusorio. El principal factor de riesgo para la adquisición de la infección, al parecer, es el uso de drogas intravenosas.Palabras clave: hepatitis C, prevalencia, prisioneros, Venezuela. Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in a prisoner population from Maracaibo, VenezuelaIntroduction. The high risk behaviors observed in prison centers have favored the transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. The main risk factor to acquire hepatitis C virus infection seems to be the use of intravenous drugs. In Venezuela, the prevalence of the infection in these centers is unknown since studies of the hepatitis C virus there are lacking. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus and the risk factors involved in the transmission in prisoner populations. Material and methods. A sample of 200 prisoners was studied from Sabaneta Jail, Maracaibo, Venezuela. The ages were between 18-69 years (average ± DS: 31.6±9.9 years). Serum samples were tested by a fourth generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and a confirmatory assay INNO-LIA. Both kits were from Innogenetic Laboratories N.V. (Belgium). Viral RNA was tested by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR). Results. The ELISA assay determined a hepatitis C virus prevalence of 5.0% (10/200); 3/200 (1.5%) individuals were positive by both INNO-LIA and RT-PCR tests.

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Prevalence and Incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Males in Rhode Island Prisons

Abstract: High infection prevalence among inmates represents a significant community health issue. General disease prevention efforts must include prevention within correctional facilities. The high observed intraprison incidence of HBV underscores the need to vaccinate prison populations.

Cited by 224 publications

References 33 publications

Design and Feasibility of a Randomized Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Distributive Injection Risk and Improve Health-Care Access Among hepatitisC virus Positive Injection Drug Users: The Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE)

Design and Feasibility of a Randomized Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Distributive Injection Risk and Improve Health-Care Access Among hepatitisC virus Positive Injection Drug Users: The Study to Reduce Intravenous Exposures (STRIVE)

A Budget Impact Analysis of Newly Available Hepatitis C Therapeutics and the Financial Burden on a State Correctional System

Baja prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en una población de reclusos, Maracaibo, Venezuela

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