Prevalence And Intensity of Helminth Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Children in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Southeast, Nigeria

Orji, Maria Lauretta; Onyire, Nnamdi Benson; Ibe, BC; Ibekwe, Roland Chidi

doi:10.9790/0853-1601048186

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although the prevalence of STH infestation was higher among the HIV seropositive subjects compared to the control, there was no significant relationship between HIV seropositivity and helminthiasis. Our finding was comparable with Orji et al (17) Low immunity among HIV positive subjects predisposes them to intestinal opportunistic infections leading a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites compared to HIV negative subjects. This may account for the higher prevalence seen amongst HIV sero positive subjects in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The prevalence of intestinal helminths among the HIV positive subjects was 47.7% whereas that in the HIV seronegative population was 36.6% and there was no statistically significant difference between the two-study population. The prevalence of intestinal helminths in our study is much higher than that obtained in an earlier study in Ebonyi State, Nigeria which documented a prevalence of 28.6% among HIVseropositives and 20.2% in HIV-seronegatives (17). This difference in prevalence maybe explained by the fact that 100% of our subjects live in the rural areas and most of the subjects may have been treatment naïve to antihelminths.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…Maybe the preference for the male child may be responsible for neglect of the female control subject, particularly in the rural areas. Orji et al in Abakalike (17) and Salawu et al (20) in Ibadan noted a higher prevalence rate amongst the male gender. Gender interacts with various socioeconomic factors and biological determinants in the developing countries to create different health outcomes for males and females (20,21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Prevalence and pattern of soil transmitted intestinal helminth infections amongst HIV infected children in a tertiary hospital south eastern, Nigeria

Ezeogu

Okoro

2023

Med Sci Discov

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Objective: Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STHI) coexist with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and they are widespread in environments where poverty is endemic. Helminths upregulate immunological stimulation while HIV’s effect is down-regulatory, depicted by the increased incidence of hypersensitivity drug reactions in advanced HIV/AIDS. Hypobiosis (a state of dormancy in the host with the capability of reactivation and establishing intestinal infection over long periods) among helminths is accentuated in the presence of a low CD4 count. This makes HIV-positive patients often have a higher load of helminths. The study sought to determine the pattern, prevalence, and specie specific prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in children living with HIV and HIV seronegative controls. Material and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study, conducted amongst 256 sero-positive children, and 268 matched controls recruited into the study between October and December 2022. Subjects were excluded if they had been given any antihelminth in the six weeks preceding enrollment. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Fresh stool samples were analyzed using the Kato-Katz method. Results: The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in children living with HIV was 47.7% and 36.6% amongst the sero-negative control population (p = 0.7589). Among the subjects and controls, the highest prevalence was seen in the 5-9 year age group, while those over 15 years had the lowest prevalence. These differences in the prevalence of helminths infection amongst the various age groups were significant in the subjects only and not in the controls. Of all the STHI, Hookworm infection constituted the majority 52.5%. Multiple STHI were seen in 20.7% of subjects living with HIV, while 9.3% were seen in the control. The difference is statistically significant (p = .00003). Conclusion: Soil-transmitted helminthic infection is more prevalent in children living with HIV than in apparently healthy children. Regular deworming should be considered in the care of children living with HIV.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Prevalence and pattern of soil transmitted intestinal helminth infections amongst HIV infected children in a tertiary hospital south eastern, Nigeria

Ezeogu

Okoro

2023

Med Sci Discov

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“…Where n = number of subjects required in each group p1 and p2 = prevalence proportions in the two groups from an existing study (28.6% and 20.2% respectively) [4,5].…”

Section: Sample Size Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 267 million preschool-age children and 600 million school-age children are infested with intestinal helminths worldwide [2]. Important determinants in epidemiology and transmission of IH are climatic factors, poverty, inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and poor personal hygiene, especially shoe wearing and hand washing [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic Correlates of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infestation in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Presenting in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-ozalla, Enugu

JO,

OA,

et al. 2024

IJTDH

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Background: Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be more prone to helminthic infestation and this may be modified by their socio-demographic and hygiene-related variables. Objectives: This study was aimed at eliciting the various socioeconomic correlates that affect helminth infections among children with HIV and comparing it with their normal counterparts who had no HIV. Methods: A cross-sectional study where a total of 140 subjects including 70 HIV-infected children and 70 children without HIV infection. They were consecutively recruited from the Paediatric HIV clinic and matched for age and sex with. Results: Socio-economic class, area of residence, hygienic practices such as method of feacal disposal, hand washing practices and footwear practices were significantly associated with helminthic infestation at the bivariate level of analysis (p < 0.05). Using bivariate analysis, of the independent variables that were significant at the bivariate analysis, only lower socioeconomic class was an independent predictor of helminthic infestation (AOR = 6.403, 95% CI: 1.303 to 31.469) Conclusion: Socio-demographic and hygiene-related risk factors are similar in HIV-positive and negative children. However, lower socioeconomic status is an independent predictor of helminthic intestinal infestation after controlling for potential confounders such as age and gender.

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Pattern and Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State

Onyia,

Ikefuna

et al. 2024

Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice

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Background: Children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be more prone to helminthic infestation because they have depleted immunity, which increases their susceptibility to infection and infestations, even with minimally pathogenic organisms such as helminths. Aim: The prevalence and pattern of intestinal helminthiasis among children living with HIV attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study in which 70 HIV-infected children were consecutively recruited from the Pediatric HIV clinic and matched for age and sex with 70 children recruited from the children outpatient clinic (CHOP) of UNTH Ituku-Ozalla. Stool samples of study participants were collected and analyzed using the Kato–Katz method and subsequently examined under the microscope for helminths’ eggs and larvae. The worm intensity was determined using the theoretical analytic sensitivity (TAS) of 24 eggs per gram (EPG) to obtain the number of eggs per gram of feces. The CD4+ count, which describes the severity of immunosuppression in HIV-positive children was determined using the PARTEC Cyflow counter for the CD4+ lymphocyte count, whereas HIV screening was performed using the rapid diagnostic tests for HIV (Determine, Statpack and Unigold). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS. Results: The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among HIV-infected and non-infected children was 27.1% and 12.9%, respectively (P = 0.038). HIV-positive children were more likely to have intestinal helminthiasis than HIV-negative children (odds ratio [OR] =2.525, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.052–6.063). Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant helminthic species in both HIV-infected and non-infected groups; however, there was no statistical significance between intestinal helminthic species and HIV status (P = 0.655) but the severity of intestinal helminthiasis was significantly associated with decreasing CD4+ count (P = 0.028). The risk factors for intestinal helminthic infestation examined were similar in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative children (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There was a significantly higher prevalence of helminthic infestation among HIV-infected children compared to their HIV-negative counterparts. The severity of intestinal helminthiasis was significantly associated with decreasing CD4+ count.

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Prevalence And Intensity of Helminth Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Children in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Southeast, Nigeria

Abstract: Infection by soil-transmitted helminth is not opportunistic infection

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Prevalence and pattern of soil transmitted intestinal helminth infections amongst HIV infected children in a tertiary hospital south eastern, Nigeria

Prevalence and pattern of soil transmitted intestinal helminth infections amongst HIV infected children in a tertiary hospital south eastern, Nigeria

Socio-economic Correlates of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infestation in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Presenting in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-ozalla, Enugu

Pattern and Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State

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