Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Human Bocavirus Detected in Croatian Children with Respiratory Infection

Ljubin‐Sternak, Sunčanica; Slović, Anamarija; Mijač, Maja; Jurković, Miljenko; Forčić, Dubravko; Ivković‐Jureković, Irena; Tot, Tatjana; Vraneš, Jasmina

doi:10.3390/v13091728

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In this study, in comparison with the same reference strain St1, we found the presence of only two substitutions and a low level of glycosylation of the capsid protein. Other studies have reported similar results regarding the VP1/VP2 protein [99][100][101] and amino acid substitutions in the order of 1 to 8 [102,103].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Respiratory Viral Coinfections with Different Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Trifonova,

Korsun,

Madzharova

et al. 2024

Viruses

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This study aimed to determine the incidence and etiological, seasonal, and genetic characteristics of respiratory viral coinfections involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Between October 2020 and January 2024, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 2277 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. Two multiplex approaches were used to detect and sequence SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B viruses, and other seasonal respiratory viruses: multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex next-generation sequencing. Coinfections of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses were detected in 164 (7.2%) patients. The most common co-infecting virus was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (38 cases, 1.7%), followed by bocavirus (BoV) (1.2%) and rhinovirus (RV) (1.1%). Patients ≤ 16 years of age had the highest rate (15%) of mixed infections. Whole-genome sequencing produced 19 complete genomes of seasonal respiratory viral co-pathogens, which were subjected to phylogenetic and amino acid analyses. The detected influenza viruses were classified into the genetic groups 6B.1A.5a.2a and 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 for A(H1N1)pdm09, 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 and 3C.2a.2b for A(H3N2), and V1A.3a.2 for the B/Victoria lineage. The RSV-B sequences belonged to the genetic group GB5.0.5a, with HAdV-C belonging to type 1, BoV to genotype VP1, and PIV3 to lineage 1a(i). Multiple amino acid substitutions were identified, including at the antibody-binding sites. This study provides insights into respiratory viral coinfections involving SARS-CoV-2 and reinforces the importance of genetic characterization of co-pathogens in the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Respiratory Viral Coinfections with Different Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Trifonova,

Korsun,

Madzharova

et al. 2024

Viruses

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“…In the Suzhou area, HBoV is mainly prevalent in summer and autumn. In Brazil and Croatia, the highest detection rates were recorded in winter ( 7 , 8 ). Peaks in the HBoV prevalence were observed in summer and autumn in 2017, 2018, and 2019 in this study, whereas HBoV detection rates were significantly lower in summer and autumn 2020 than in previous years, with peaks observed in winter 2020 and spring and summer 2021.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the clinical features of human bocavirus and metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Suzhou, China

et al. 2023

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ObjectiveWe compared the clinical data of hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections caused by human bocavirus (HBoV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV).MethodsIn total, 8,430 children admitted to the Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University for lower respiratory tract infections from January 2017 to October 2021 were enrolled. Seven common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus A, influenza virus B, parainfluenza virus (PIV) I, PIV II, PIV III, and adenovirus, were detected by direct immunofluorescence assay, whereas human rhinovirus and hMPV were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and HBoV were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bacteria was detected in blood, nasopharyngeal secretion, bronchoalveolar lavage specimen or pleural fluid by culture. In parallel, MP was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we performed metagenomic testing of alveolar lavage fluid from some of the patients in our study.ResultsThe detection rate of HBoV was 6.62% (558/8430), whereas that of hMPV was 2.24% (189/ 8430). The detection rate of HBoV was significantly higher in children aged 1 to <3 years than in other age groups, but there were no significant differences in positivity rates for hMPV by age. Before 2020, the incidence of HBoV infection peaked in summer and autumn, whereas that of hMPV peaked in spring. The epidemiology of both HBoV and hMPV has changed because of the impact of the novel coronavirus. Among the positive cases, the HBoV mixed infection rate was 51.6%, which was similar to that for hMPV mixed infection (44.4%). Comparing clinical characteristics between HBoV and hMPV single infection, the median age of children was 17 months in the HBoV group and 11 months in the hMPV group. In the HBoV single infection group, 31 patients (11.5%) had pulse oxygen saturation of less than 92% on admission, 47 (17.4%) had shortness of breath, and 26 (9.6%) presented with dyspnea. Meanwhile, four patients (3.8%) in the hMPV single infection group had pulse oxygen saturation of less than 92% on admission, eight (7.6%) displayed shortness of breath, and three (2.9%) had dyspnea. The proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and the rate of PICU admission were higher in the HBoV group than in the hMPV group.ConclusionThe prevalence of HBoV infection is higher than that of hMPV infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection in Suzhou, and HBoV is more likely to cause severe infection than hMPV. Public health interventions for COVID-19 outbreaks have affected the prevalence of HBoV and hMPV.

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“…In Europe, a recent meta-analysis by Polo et al, including 35 studies on 32,656 subjects from 16 countries, showed that HBoV prevalence varied from 2.0% to 45.69% with a pooled estimate rate of 9.57% [ 29 ]. More recently, a retrospective analysis through PCR screening on an English cohort of children with RTIs identified a 9% prevalence of HBoV1 [ 20 ]; in Croatia, a recent study on 957 children hospitalized with RTIs revealed a prevalence of 7.6% [ 30 ], and, in Norway, the prevalence reached 12% in a study by Christensen et al [ 31 ]. The lowest rates were found by Pinana in Spain (3%) [ 8 ], and Kantola et al in Finland (2%) [ 32 ].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mixed viral infection rate is relatively high in most studies on NP swab samples, with rates of 38.3% in Australia [ 15 ], 47% in Denmark [ 86 ], 51.6% in China [ 4 ], 54% in Panama [ 87 ], around 75% in Italy [ 88 ], Spain [ 8 , 75 ], UK [ 20 ], and Norway [ 2 ], up to 80% in Saudi Arabia [ 10 ], 82.2% in Croatia [ 30 ], and 84% in Gabon [ 89 ]. Guido et al estimated the rate of HBoV co-infections with other viruses to be 52.4% (respiratory infections) and 46.7% (gastrointestinal infections) [ 24 ].…”

Section: Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review

Trapani,

Caporizzi,

Ricci

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Recently, human bocavirus (HBoV) has appeared as an emerging pathogen, with an increasing number of cases reported worldwide. HBoV is mainly associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. However, its role as a respiratory pathogen is still not fully understood. It has been reported both as a co-infectious agent (predominantly with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and adenovirus), and as an isolated viral pathogen during respiratory tract infections. It has also been found in asymptomatic subjects. The authors review the available literature on the epidemiology of HBoV, the underlying risk factors associated with infection, the virus’s transmission, and its pathogenicity as a single pathogen and in co-infections, as well as the current hypothesis about the host’s immune response. An update on different HBoV detection methods is provided, including the use of quantitative single or multiplex molecular methods (screening panels) on nasopharyngeal swabs or respiratory secretions, tissue biopsies, serum tests, and metagenomic next-generations sequencing in serum and respiratory secretions. The clinical features of infection, mainly regarding the respiratory tract but also, though rarely, the gastrointestinal one, are extensively described. Furthermore, a specific focus is dedicated to severe HBoV infections requiring hospitalization, oxygen therapy, and/or intensive care in the pediatric age; rare fatal cases have also been reported. Data on tissue viral persistence, reactivation, and reinfection are evaluated. A comparison of the clinical characteristics of single infection and viral or bacterial co-infections with high or low HBoV rates is carried out to establish the real burden of HBoV disease in the pediatric population.

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Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Human Bocavirus Detected in Croatian Children with Respiratory Infection

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Respiratory Viral Coinfections with Different Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Respiratory Viral Coinfections with Different Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Comparison of the clinical features of human bocavirus and metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Suzhou, China

Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review

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