Prevalence and molecular determinants of colistin resistance among commensal Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry in northwest of Iran

Abstract

BackgroundThe emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from human and animal sources is a public health concern as this antibiotic is considered to be the last line therapeutic option for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Here we aimed to determine the prevalence of colistin resistance, among enterobacteria isolated from poultry and the possible underlying colistin resistance mechanisms.MethodsA collection of 944 cloacal samples were obtained from poultry and screened for colistin resistance. To uncover the molecular mechanism behind colistin resistance, the presence of plasmid encoded colistin resistance genes mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3 and mcr-4 was examined by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the mgrB, pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, crrA and crrB genes were determined. The genetic relatedness of the colistin resistant (ColR) isolates was evaluated by Multilocus sequence typing. Three ColR mutants were generated in vitro by repetitive drug exposure.ResultsOverall from 931 enteric bacteria isolated from poultry samples obtained from 131 farms, nine ColR bacteria (0.96%) with high level colistin resistance (MICs ≥ 64 mg/L) were detected all being identified as K. pneumoniae. The 9 ColR bacteria originated from different farms and belonged to 7 distinct Sequence types including ST11 (22.2%) and ST726 (22.2%) being the most prevalent STs followed by ST37, ST74, ST485, ST525 and novel sequence type 3380 (11.1% each). mcr-type genes were not detected in any isolate. In 88.8% of the isolates (n = 8), MgrB was inactivated by Insertion of IS elements (IS1-like, IS3-like, IS5-like families, positions + 75, + 113, + 117, + 135) and nonsense mutations at codons 8, 16, 30. All ColR isolates harboured wild type PmrA, PhoP, PhoQ or polymorphic variants of PmrB. Sequence analysis of the CrrB revealed a familiar S195N and 4 novel I27V, T150R, F303S and K325R substitutions. PmrB T93N substitution and mgrB locus deletion were identified in two laboratory induced ColR mutants and one mutant lacked alteration in the studied loci. In one ColR isolate with wild type MgrB an A83V substitution was detected in CrrA.ConclusionIt is concluded from our results that colistin resistance in the studied avian K. pneumoniae isolates was mostly linked to alterations identified within the mgrB gene.

Plasmid mediated colistin resistant mcr-1 and co-existence of OXA-48 among Escherichia coli from clinical and poultry isolates: first report from Nepal

“…Similar resistance pattern was screened in China [2]. Another study reported from Iran had showed 77.7% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 33.3% resistance to gentamicin but no resistance to Imipenem [39]. A study from China reported higher rate of resistance to tetracycline (90%), cefixime (71.4%), and ceftazidime (66.1%) in E. coli isolates [33].…”

Multi-Antibiotic Resistance and Factors Affecting Carriage of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Population of Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

“…Our study showed that colistin resistance was as high as 43.75%, contrary to known resistance rates to polymyxins, which are generally between 10% and 23% [37,38]. Colistin-resistant organisms had been postulated to spread from animals to human [39,40,41,42], suggesting the concept of one health. Observational studies have shown that polymyxins are used profusely in animal feed in the community to enhance growth.…”

Emergence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes from Gram-negative bacteria at the human-animal interface

“…The mcr-1 gene is primarily found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae of human origin, which is in line with our study. The plasmid-mediated Col-R possibly developed in animals and was ultimately transmitted to humans [5,32,33]. The four human isolates which harboured mcr-1 in our study were isolated from one septic ICU patient and three patients with urinary tract infections from different wards.…”