2023
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196044
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Prevalence and occupational exposure to zoonotic diseases in high-risk populations in the Free State Province, South Africa

Cornelius G. van der Westhuizen,
Felicity J. Burt,
Nina van Heerden
et al.

Abstract: IntroductionZoonotic diseases are responsible for 2.5 billion human cases globally and approximately 2.7 million deaths annually. Surveillance of animal handlers and livestock for zoonotic pathogens contributes to understanding the true disease burden and risk factors within a community. This study investigated the prevalence of selected zoonoses in cattle, farm workers and occupational exposure to endemic zoonotic diseases and their associated risk factors.MethodsSputum samples from farmworkers were screened … Show more

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Cited by 5 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…The Synthesis of 4-arylflavan-3-ols from flavan-3,4-diol precursors, which established that the corresponding 2,3-trans-3,4-trans diastereoisomers are considered more stable than the corresponding 2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomers, supports the experimental result. [37] Furthermore, the diastereoisomers of the 4-arylflavan-3-ols are distinguished using the 1H NMR coupling constants of C-ring resonances. The characteristic coupling constants for 2,3-trans-3,4-trans isomers are J 2,3 = 10 Hz and J 3,4 = 8.5-9.8 Hz, respectively, [37] which is in agreement with Compound 15 with J 3,4 = 8.8 Hz and compound 20 J 3,4(C) = 8.6 Hz.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The Synthesis of 4-arylflavan-3-ols from flavan-3,4-diol precursors, which established that the corresponding 2,3-trans-3,4-trans diastereoisomers are considered more stable than the corresponding 2,3-trans-3,4-cis isomers, supports the experimental result. [37] Furthermore, the diastereoisomers of the 4-arylflavan-3-ols are distinguished using the 1H NMR coupling constants of C-ring resonances. The characteristic coupling constants for 2,3-trans-3,4-trans isomers are J 2,3 = 10 Hz and J 3,4 = 8.5-9.8 Hz, respectively, [37] which is in agreement with Compound 15 with J 3,4 = 8.8 Hz and compound 20 J 3,4(C) = 8.6 Hz.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[37] Furthermore, the diastereoisomers of the 4-arylflavan-3-ols are distinguished using the 1H NMR coupling constants of C-ring resonances. The characteristic coupling constants for 2,3-trans-3,4-trans isomers are J 2,3 = 10 Hz and J 3,4 = 8.5-9.8 Hz, respectively, [37] which is in agreement with Compound 15 with J 3,4 = 8.8 Hz and compound 20 J 3,4(C) = 8.6 Hz.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…While sputum samples, traditionally employed for pulmonary TB diagnosis, are not ideal for M. bovis detection due to its predilection for extrapulmonary disease, instances of its presence in sputum and lymph nodes are not uncommon [ 4 , 13 , 15 , 37 , 38 ], especially in high-risk areas with HIV and TB co-prevalence and endemic M. bovis in wildlife and livestock, like many low and middle-income African countries [ 14 , 15 , [39] , [40] , [41] ]. These studies hypothesize that viable M. bovis in human respiratory samples may result from inhalation of bacilli-laden aerosols during direct contact with infected animals (including carcasses), exposure to contaminated environments, or consumption of contaminated food like unpasteurized milk or cheese [ 6 , 8 , [42] , [43] , [44] ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is important to note that most international TB surveillance programs, including those in SA's rural communities, often do not employ culture medium or incubation times optimal for the growth of M. bovis and may not routinely collect extra-pulmonary samples for evaluation [ 11 , 12 ]. Remarkably, to date, in SA there have been no documented reports of M. bovis in people [ 13 ]. This observation is indeed perplexing, especially when considering increased reports of M. bovis infections in people from at-risk communities in neighbouring African countries [ 14 , 15 ], the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among SA populations, the well-established presence of M. bovis in SA wildlife and livestock, and the recent surge in environmental reports documenting its presence in wastewater [ 16 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%