“…Indeed, smoking habit, older age, male sex, and lung emphysema are all together risk factors for developing lung cancer (LC) in patients suffering from IPF, which therefore represents a potential driver for lung carcinogenesis in the individual patient ( 11 ). More recently, a canadian LC screening study has shown interestingly that around 4% of the included individuals had coexisting interstitial lung abnormalities at the CT scan, 2/3 of them localized close to the pleural wall ( 12 ).…”