Prevalence and predictors of deficient dietary calcium intake during the third trimester of pregnancy: The experience of a developing country

Darwish, Atef M.; Mohamad, Sahar N.; Al-Din, Heba R. Gamal; Elsayed, Yousria A.; Ahmad, Safaa I.

doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00879.x

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Serum calcium and serum albumin fall due to expanded plasma volume; however, ionized calcium remains normal 17 . Regardless, even in the nonpregnant state, serum calcium is considered to be independent of dietary calcium intake and thus not a reliable measure of calcium status 29 …”

Section: Calcium Metabolism During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 Regardless, even in the nonpregnant state, serum calcium is considered to be independent of dietary calcium intake and thus not a reliable measure of calcium status. 29 Calcium balance studies are typically used to determine if calcium intake is adequate to meet requirements, but this technique has limitations. Calcium retention is measured by providing a controlled con-stant calcium diet and collecting all excrement (urine and feces).…”

Section: Determining Maternal Calcium Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs

2012

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Although the demand for additional calcium during pregnancy is recognized, the dietary reference intake for calcium was lowered for pregnant women in 1997 to amounts recommended for nonpregnant women (1,000 mg/day), and recently (November 2010) the Institute of Medicine report upheld the 1997 recommendation. It has been frequently reported that women of childbearing age do not consume the dietary reference intake for calcium and that calcium intake in the United States varies among ethnic groups. Women who chronically consume suboptimal amounts of calcium (<500 mg/day) may be at risk for increased bone loss during pregnancy. Women who begin pregnancy with adequate intake may not need additional calcium, but women with suboptimal intakes (<500 mg) may need additional amounts to meet both maternal and fetal bone requirements. The objective of this review is to elucidate the changes in calcium metabolism that occur during pregnancy as well as the effect of maternal calcium intake on both maternal and fetal outcomes.

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Section: Calcium Metabolism During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determining Maternal Calcium Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs

2012

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“…Pre‐eclampsia has a high prevalence in developing countries, which is where the greatest effect of calcium supplementation has been seen. A possible explanation may be that body calcium status and the need for supplementation in pregnancy vary by geographical location and diet within an area . Poverty in developing countries contributes to poor calcium intake, and therefore an association between developing countries, insufficient dietary calcium and a high prevalence of pre‐eclampsia has been made.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By matching women with pre‐eclampsia to normotensive women with regard to age, gravidity, race and gestational age at delivery, no difference in demographic measurements was found between the groups. This was important as total body calcium levels may differ in women of varying ages and gestational age, and calcium intake may differ between ethnic groups as a result of dietary customs . The mean gestational age at booking for all participants in the study was 21 ± 6.64 weeks with few women having early pregnancy scans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of maternal calcium and magnesium levels in pre‐eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies: an observational case–control study

Richards

Lindow

Carrara

et al. 2013

BJOG

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Objective Supplementing pregnant women at high risk of developing pre-eclampsia with calcium may reduce the incidence of the disease. This study examines differences in serum and hair concentrations of calcium and magnesium between women with pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies.Design Observational case-control study.Setting Two teaching hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa.Population Women with pre-eclamptic (N = 96) or normotensive (N = 96) pregnancies, who delivered a single, live infant.Methods Demographic and current pregnancy details were retrieved from clinical notes. Each participant completed a dietary questionnaire. Venous blood samples were taken from each participant to assess serum calcium and magnesium concentrations. Hair samples were obtained from all participants and calcium and magnesium levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES).Main outcome measure Hair and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were compared between women with pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies.Results Diet and socio-economic status in the two groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the hair calcium level between women with pre-eclamptic [1241 parts per million (ppm); range, 331-4654 ppm] and normotensive (1146 ppm; range, 480-4136 ppm) pregnancies (P = 0.5). Hair calcium levels in both groups were not affected by HIV infection.Conclusion Woman with pre-eclampsia showed no difference in chronic calcium status relative to normotensive women. This finding does not support the current belief that the mechanism by which calcium supplementation reduces the risk of developing pre-eclampsia is by correcting a nutritional deficiency.

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“…Furthermore, an insufficient calcium supply during pregnancy causes maternal bone loss and high blood pressure. Thus optimal calcium intake during pregnancy may have a beneficial effect on the blood pressure of the offspring and protect women from hypertension 4 and osteoporosis. In developing countries, poverty has been indicated to contribute to poor calcium intake 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum bone markers in pregnant women at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals and Chitungwiza Central Hospital

Machingura

Muringai

Chikwasha

2015

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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Background: Pregnancy induces a number of physiological changes in the body including changes in bone profile. As the gestational period progresses and the foetus grows, its demand for mineral micronutrients increases inducing changes in the maternal body. Serum bone profile varies according to trimester as gestational period progresses. The study on which this article is based sought to determine changes in bone profile with trimester in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals (PGH) and Chitungwiza Central Hospital, Zimbabwe. Method: An analytical cross sectional study was conducted on pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals and Chitungwiza Central Hospital. A questionnaire was administered and blood samples were collected for analysis of albumin, corrected calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. Results: A total of 171 pregnant women were recruited into the study. The albumin level showed a significant fall from trimester 1 to 2 (P<0.05) and an insignificant rise from trimester 2 to 3 (P>0.05). Conclusion:This study confirms the previously reported constant serum inorganic phosphate level throughout the gestational period and an increase in alkaline phosphatase with gestational age. Corrected calcium level had a statistically significant increase from the second to the third trimester (P<0.05). This study provided exploratory data on serum bone markers. Further research on more specific bone markers such as DEXA and bone specific alkaline phosphatase is required. A continual check of at risk women is needed to be able to advice on dietary supplementation to prevent premature osteoporosis.

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Prevalence and predictors of deficient dietary calcium intake during the third trimester of pregnancy: The experience of a developing country

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs

Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs

A comparison of maternal calcium and magnesium levels in pre‐eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies: an observational case–control study

Serum bone markers in pregnant women at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals and Chitungwiza Central Hospital

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