Prevalence and Related Factors of Urinary Incontinence among Hebei Women of China

Abstract

Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and related factors of different types of urinary incontinence (UI) among Hebei women in China. Methods: A total of 2,500 women aged 20 years or more were sampled and interviewed face-to-face by well-trained interviewers. Results: Among these women, 35.2% (862/2,448) had UI. The prevalence of stress, urge, and mixed UI was 26.4% (647/2,448), 1.9% (47/2,448), and 6.9% (168/2,448), respectively. In multivariable logistic regression, age, constipation, pelvic organ prolapse, number of abortions, and cesarean sections were associated with both stress and mixed UI; body mass index, dysmenorrhea, vaginitis and cervicitis, fetal weight, and dystocia were associated with stress UI only; age of menarche and dystocia were associated with urge UI only, and living in a city or countryside, a history of pelvic operation, urinary infection, diseases of the respiratory system, heart disease, and alcohol consumption with mixed UI. Conclusions: UI is a highly prevalent condition among women in Hebei Province, PR China. Stress, urge, and mixed UI not only have some related factors in common but also have some different ones. Economic condition and a lack of UI-related knowledge are factors keeping patients from seeing a doctor.

Prevalence of female urinary incontinence in the developing world: A systematic review and meta‐analysis—A Report from the Developing World Committee of the International Continence Society and Iranian Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine

“…Of these, 151 articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, for example prevalence studies in pregnant women. Finally, a total of 54 studies were included in the systematic review 2,6,8,9,23,26‐71 . All studies underwent methodological quality assessment.…”

“…Funnel plot analysis of 54 studies. Only one study on the left side (*) below is totally out of distribution 50 …”

“…The majority of the included studies were conducted in Eastern Asia and the Pacific region and only a few studies were carried out in Sub‐Saharan Africa. The high number of studies in a highly populated country like China 45,50‐52,58,66‐70,72 is plausible but the high number of studies in less populated countries like Turkey 28,44,47,62 may influence the overall outcome of the meta‐analysis. This appears to be important because ethnicity can influence the prevalence and type of UI 34,52 .…”

Risk factors of urinary incontinence in women: a literature review

“…In addition, Danforth et al () in his study identified that BMI, type 2 diabetes mellitus, parity, hysterectomy and cigarette smoking were strongly associated with UI. In addition Wu et al () identified age, BMI, constipation, pelvic organ prolapse, dysmenorrhoea, vaginitis and cervicitis, dystocia, foetal weight, number of abortions and caesarean section and were the major risk factors for the type of UI.…”

Trends of Menarcheal Age in Women in the Reproductive Age and Menopause in Shanghai

“…Early or late menarcheal age has great influence on the health of women. Researchers have found that an early menarcheal age was associated with an increased risk for endometriosis, obesity and type 2 diabetes [1,2,3], as well as several hormone-associated cancers, such as breast cancer, myomatosis, multiple sclerosis, endometrial cancer and uterine leiomyomata [4,5,6,7,8,9], and late menarcheal age was associated with urinary incontinence, senile dementia and osteoporosis [10,11]. …”