Prevalence and risk factors associated with depression in pregnant adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya

Tele, Albert; Kathono, Joseph; Mwaniga, Shillah; Nyongesa, Vincent; Yator, Obadia; Gachuno, Onesmus; Wamalwa, Dalton; Amugune, Beatrice; Cuijpers, Pim; Saxena, Shekhar; McKay, Mary M.; Carvajal, Liliana; Lai, Joanna; Huang, Keng Yen; Merali, Zul; Kumar, Manasi

doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100424

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The high prevalence observed in this study is consistent with previous research conducted in Kenya, where the prevalence was 36% (21). However, these ndings are higher than those in Tanzania, where the prevalence was 11.5% (22), and in Rwanda, where it was 26.6% (23).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Kasujja,

Omara,

Senkungu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Introduction: This study investigated the prevalence, severity, and factors associated with antenatal depression among women receiving antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Antenatal depression is a critical concern for maternal and child well-being, as it can lead to adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, abortion, low birth weight, and impaired maternal–infant bonding. Despite several international guidelines recommending routine screening for antenatal depression, local Ugandan guidelines often overlook this essential aspect of maternal care. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 353 pregnant women utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to assess antenatal depression. Participants’ psychosocial demographic and obstetric characteristics were recorded. Logistic regression analysis identified factors linked to antenatal depression. Results Antenatal depression burden was notably high, affecting 37.68% of the participants. The majority of patients with antenatal depression had mild symptoms (72.68%). The significantly associated factors at multivariate analysis included younger age (≤ 20), older age (≥ 35), history of domestic violence, alcohol use, gestational age, abortion history, history of preeclampsia and unplanned pregnancies. Conclusion This study revealed a significantly high prevalence of antenatal depression, emphasizing its public health importance. Most cases were classified as mild, emphasizing the need for timely interventions to prevent escalation. The identified risk factors included age, history of domestic violence, alcohol use, first-trimester pregnancy, abortion history, past preeclampsia, and unplanned pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Kasujja,

Omara,

Senkungu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder ranges from 11 to 15.8% among nonpregnant adolescents [5,13 & ]. Among pregnant adolescents, the prevalence of depressive symptomatology ranges widely from 9.8 to 43.1% across studies [9,11,[14][15][16], likely reflecting methodology and sampling. Prevalence estimates of prenatal depressive symptomatology are often obtained using self-report questionnaires rather than diagnostic interviews [10,14,15,17].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among pregnant adolescents, the prevalence of depressive symptomatology ranges widely from 9.8 to 43.1% across studies [9,11,[14][15][16], likely reflecting methodology and sampling. Prevalence estimates of prenatal depressive symptomatology are often obtained using self-report questionnaires rather than diagnostic interviews [10,14,15,17]. Additionally, many studies investigating the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy include adolescents within the larger study sample but do not uniquely examine pregnant adolescents.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Demographic Low-income level [8 && ,17,18] and/or not currently employed [16] and/or not currently housed [20 & ] and/or food insecurity [16] Low levels of educational attainment [18,19] Not currently in a relationship [16,19] Younger age [16] Psychosocial History of childhood abuse and/or neglect [18] Lifetime exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination [21 & ,22,23,24] Prepregnancy history of depressive symptoms [6] Current or recent history of abuse and/or neglect, including IPV [15,21 older, partnered, employed, or food secure [16,19,20 & ]. Adolescents who report lower levels of income likely experience competing demands throughout pregnancy (e.g.…”

Section: Risk Factors Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, adolescents who report a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and/or neglect during childhood are more likely to experience prenatal depressive symptoms than adolescents without a history of childhood maltreatment [18]. Similarly, adolescents who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) report higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms than adolescents without a history of IPV [15,21 ▪ ]. In addition to exposure to childhood maltreatment and recent and ongoing contextual stress/abuse, higher levels of cumulative exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms within nonpregnant adolescents [22,23] and pregnant adults [21 ▪ ,24].…”

Section: Predisposing Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depressive symptomatology in pregnant adolescents: considerations for care

Wittenberg

Fitzgerald

Pluhar

2023

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

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Purpose of review Adolescents who are pregnant experience higher levels of depressive symptoms than nonpregnant peers and pregnant adults. Clinicians caring for youth are often the first point of clinical contact for pregnant adolescents but report low confidence in assessing and treating reproductive health concerns. In the current review, we outline risk factors for depressive symptoms among pregnant adolescents and provide guidance on best practices in assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms in this pediatric sub-population. Recent findings Depressive symptoms are persistent across pregnancy. In adolescents, they are linked to greater risk of suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, and nonsuicidal self-injury. Risk factors for prenatal depressive symptoms among adolescents include lower levels of income, history of depression, exposure to childhood maltreatment and/or recent abuse, and/or lifetime exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination. These risk factors likely interact with each other. Summary Clinicians should assess carefully for depressive symptoms in all pregnant adolescents using a standardized, validated measure supplemented by thoughtful clinical interviewing. Clinicians can educate adolescents on the distinction between symptoms of pregnancy versus symptoms of depression. We encourage clinicians to increase their comfort in providing psychopharmacological treatment, consulting with colleagues in psychiatry, and referring adolescents for psychopharmacological treatment and therapy as needed.

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Knowledge of Midwives Regarding Antenatal Depression, Screening, and Referral in South Africa: A Qualitative Study Protocol

Baloyi,

Laari,

Mbobnda Kapche

et al. 2024

International Journal of Qualitative Methods

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Women are twice at risk of developing depression compared to men. This risk is even higher during pregnancy where many physiological, hormonal, social, and psychological changes occur. Prevalence studies show perinatal mental disorders are at least as prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa as they are in high-income and other low- and middle-income sub-regions. The mean weighted prevalence of both antenatal and postpartum depression are 11.3% and 18.3%, respectively, and the mean prevalence of both prenatal and postpartum anxiety is 14.8% and 14%, respectively in both high and low- and middle-income countries. Although maternal mental disorders, including antenatal depression, are widespread and have serious consequences, there remains a lack of understanding and inadequate care provided to pregnant women, by midwives who are their main healthcare providers. Therefore, this study aims to explore the midwives’ knowledge of antenatal depression before and after a training session on antenatal depression. The study will follow a qualitative research methodology and will be conducted in a Community Healthcare Center, in South Africa. In-depth individual interviews will be conducted with the midwives who attend to pregnant women at the study site before and after a training session on antenatal depression. Elo and Knygas’ content analysis will be used to analyse data. It is hoped that the results of the study may provide support for advocating the integration of mental health services into maternal care programmes.

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with depression in pregnant adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya

Cited by 13 publications

References 52 publications

Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Depressive symptomatology in pregnant adolescents: considerations for care

Knowledge of Midwives Regarding Antenatal Depression, Screening, and Referral in South Africa: A Qualitative Study Protocol

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