Prevalence and risk factors for inappropriate birth weight for gestational age

Abstract

Background:Infants with an inappropriate birth weight for their gestational age are more likely to develop complications during pregnancy and postpartum, and have increased long-term health risks. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for infants with inappropriate birth weight for their gestational age. Methods: We enrolled 820 women with uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies who gave birth to a live born infant at term. Prepregnancy baseline and obstetric information were extracted from medical records, including body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, and infant birth weight. Prevalence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants was determined. We compared variables between groups to identify associated factors. Results: Prevalence of SGA was 2.6% and LGA was 10.5%. Prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain were significantly higher in the LGA than in the SGA group (P = 0.041 and < 0.001, respectively). The birth weight and gestational weight gain, but not the prepregnancy BMI, were significantly different (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis determined that inadequate gestational weight gain significantly increased the risk of SGA (adjusted OR 3.20, 95%CI 1.06 to 9.64, P = 0.039), and significantly reduced the risk of LGA (adjusted OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.91, P = 0.028). Excessive gestational weight gain significantly increased the risk of LGA (adjusted OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.30, P = 0.006). There was no significant association with prepregnancy BMI. Conclusions: Controlling gestational weight gain may improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Maternal anaemia and polycythaemia during pregnancy and risk of inappropriate birthweight for-gestational-age babies: a retrospective cohort study in the northern belt of Ghana

“…SGA prevalence in this study was 8.8% (95%CI: 6.2% -11.9%). This finding is greater when compared with studies conducted in Thailand (31), and Brazil (32) with respective incidence rates of 2.6%, and 4.5%. Greater SGA prevalence in this study might be due to low antenatal attendance for routine check-ups and improved quality of care, as most mothers (72.0%) found in this study made less than eight antenatal visits.…”

“…In Europe, 31.0% of neonates were born small for their gestational age (30). Comparatively, the respective incidence of SGA in Thailand (31), Brazil (32), Lithuania (33), and India (34) is 2.6%, 4.5%, 10.4%, and 11.9% whilst retrospective review in Africa reported SGA prevalence of 7.2%, 14.4%, and 16.6 % in Nigeria (5), Uganda (35) and Tanzania (36) correspondingly. Alternatively, 10.5% and 15.7% of Brazilian (32) and Thai (31) women delivered LGA babies respectively.…”

“…Comparatively, the respective incidence of SGA in Thailand (31), Brazil (32), Lithuania (33), and India (34) is 2.6%, 4.5%, 10.4%, and 11.9% whilst retrospective review in Africa reported SGA prevalence of 7.2%, 14.4%, and 16.6 % in Nigeria (5), Uganda (35) and Tanzania (36) correspondingly. Alternatively, 10.5% and 15.7% of Brazilian (32) and Thai (31) women delivered LGA babies respectively. Moreover, other studies estimated an overall occurrence of LGA to be 19.0% in China (37) and 11.0% in the United States of America (38).…”

A Systematic Review of Placental Biomarkers Predicting Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonates

“…Several studies have demonstrated that maternal factors are associated with SGA. These factors include age, marital status, education, income, and parity (Ota et al, 2014); body mass index (Frederick, Williams, Sales, Martin, & Killien, 2008); gestational weight gain (Boriboonhirunsarn, 2015); preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and anemia (Jariyapitaksakul & Tannirandorn, 2013; Ota et al, 2014); alcohol and illicit substance use (Ota et al, 2014); and psychosocial factors such as stressful life events and lack of social support (Sanguanklin et al, 2014). Fetal factors are also associated with SGA, including fetal sex, malformation, and infections (Wollmann, 2009).…”