Prevalence and risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis amongst adults living with HIV in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada

Abstract

BackgroundSubclinical atherosclerosis characterizes cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are identified risk factors for atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, data on HIV and atherosclerosis in Nigeria are limited.ObjectivesWe sought to estimate the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and associated risk factors amongst adult persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) enrolled at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja (UATH).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 277 consecutively selected PLHIV ≥18 years enrolled for HIV care and treatment at UATH. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data from consenting ART-experienced and ART-naïve patients on risk factors of atherosclerosis. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) ≥0.71 mm as measured by Doppler ultrasonography was used to identify patients with sub-clinical atherosclerosis. Two logistic regression models with (Model-A) and without (Model-B) traditional risk factors were fitted to identify risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis.ResultsParticipants' mean age was 39.44 ± 10.71 years with female preponderance (64.26%). Overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 43.32% (62.25% in ART-experienced). Model-A identified male sex [AOR 4.33(1.74–10.76), p = 0.002], advancing age [30–39 years AOR 5.95(1.31–26.96), p = 0.021]; ≥40 years AOR 19.51(4.30–88.56), p ≤ 0.001), advancing HIV infection [≥WHO stage II AOR 4.19(1.11–15.92), p = 0.035], hypercholesterolemia [AOR 3.88(1.47–10.25), p ≤ 0.001] and ≥5 year duration on ART [AOR 9.05(3.16–25.92), p ≤ 0.001] as risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis. In Model-B (excluding traditional risk factors) on the other hand, advancing HIV infection [≥WHO stage II AOR 3.93(1.19–13.042), p = 0.025] and duration on ART [≥5 years AOR 11.43(4.62–28.29), p = 0.001] were found as risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis.ConclusionSubclinical atherosclerosis was higher in ART-experienced patients, and this was irrespective of presence or absence of traditional risk factors. And advancing HIV disease and duration on ART were found as significant risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis. We therefore recommend routine CVD risk screening in PLHIV.

Association Between Thyroid Parameters and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Hospitalised Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“… 2 Compared with patients without DM, those with T2DM often exhibit more extensive, severe, and earlier-onset macrovascular lesions. 3 The primary pathological change underlying diabetes-related macrovascular disease is atherosclerosis (AS), characterised by hardening of arteries due to plaque accumulation, 4 which can worsen ischaemic events and cause damage to target organs, such as the heart, brain, and lower limbs, Macrovascular complications have become the leading cause of disability and mortality in patients with T2DM. 5 , 6 Identifying and intervening at the subclinical stage of AS may aid in preventing the progression of this disease.…”