Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar and Red Deer in Portugal

Pires, Humberto; Cardoso, Luís; Lopes, Ana Patrícia; Fontes, Maria da Conceição; Santos-Silva, Sérgio; Matos, Manuela; Pintado, Cristina; Figueira, Luís; Matos, Ana Cristina; Mesquita, João Rodrigo; Coelho, Ana Cláudia

doi:10.3390/microorganisms11102576

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…by species ranged from 5.4% in red deer to 35.5% in wild boar, the most often hunted game animals in Portugal. Nevertheless, data on the presence of zoonotic diseases in wild ungulates used for human consumption are generally sparse in Portugal [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hunting for Answers: Assessing Brucella spp. Seroprevalence and Risks in Red Deer and Wild Boar in Central Portugal

Pires,

Cardoso,

Lopes

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Between 2016 and 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the central region of Portugal in order to better understand the epidemiology and public health risks resulting from the handling and consumption of game animals infected with Brucella spp. The seroprevalence and risk factors for Brucella spp. seropositivity were evaluated. Antibodies against Brucella spp. were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results showed that in the 650 serum samples collected from red deer (n = 298) and wild boars (n = 352) in Portugal, 21.7% (n = 141; 95% CI: 18.6–25.1%) tested positive. Wild boar had a significantly higher prevalence (35.5%; 95% CI: 30.5–40.8%) than red deer (5.4%, 95% CI: 3.1–8.6%; p ≤ 0.001). Risk factors for seropositivity were investigated using multivariable logistic regression models. The odds of being seropositive was 8.39 (95% CI: 4.75–14.84; p ≤ 0.001) times higher in wild boar than in red deer. Correlations between sex, age, body condition, and seropositivity could not be observed. The higher seroprevalence in wild boar suggests that this species may primarily contribute to the Brucella spp. ecology in central Portugal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild boars are also known to be carriers of numerous other infectious diseases and zoonoses [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hunting for Answers: Assessing Brucella spp. Seroprevalence and Risks in Red Deer and Wild Boar in Central Portugal

Pires,

Cardoso,

Lopes

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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“…This expansion has led to various implications, especially concerning infectious diseases and zoonotic risks associated with wild boar. Studies have identified wild boar as potential reservoirs for infectious agents like HEV, Coxiella and Brucella [19][20][21]. The presence of these pathogens in wild boar poses risks not only to wildlife but also to domestic animals and humans due to potential zoonotic transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<em>Mycobacterium avium</em> subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) in Portugal

Matos,

Figueira,

Martins

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the Centre-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boar exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, poly-merase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to year-lings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.

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Zoonotic and Food-Related Hazards Due to Hepatitis A and E in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Odoom,

Boamah,

Sagoe

et al. 2024

Environ�Health�Insights

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Introduction: Foodborne infections are caused by a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens, and they pose a significant global health threat, resulting in millions of cases and thousands of fatalities annually. Among these pathogens, human viruses, including Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV), play a significant role in foodborne viral outbreaks, especially in Africa. This systematic review determined the prevalence of these viruses in livestock and produce in Africa. Method: A systematic search strategy was implemented following the PRISMA guidelines. Databases such as African Journal Online, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed were searched from their inception until November 30, 2023. Descriptive statistics and a proportional meta-analysis utilising a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval were employed in the data analysis. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (ROB2) was utilised to evaluate the potential for bias in each study. Results: The search identified 27 articles that met the inclusion criteria, among which seven focused on HAV, comprising a total of 309 samples, whereas 20 studies focused on HEV, comprising a total of 4238 samples. Egypt had the highest number of studies, followed by Cameroon and Nigeria. The meta-analysis revealed an overall prevalence of 33.8% (95% CI: 17.0–50.6) for HAV in ducks and shellfish and 22.0% (95% CI: 12.1–31.8) for HEV in various livestock. Genotype 3 was identified as the predominant genotype, for both HAV and HEV. Conclusion: This review revealed a high prevalence of HAV and HEV in livestock populations in Africa, shedding light on the potential risks associated with zoonotic and/or food-related infections. There is a need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these viruses in both animals and food products to mitigate the risk of foodborne outbreaks and protect human health.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar and Red Deer in Portugal

Cited by 4 publications

References 92 publications

Hunting for Answers: Assessing Brucella spp. Seroprevalence and Risks in Red Deer and Wild Boar in Central Portugal

Hunting for Answers: Assessing Brucella spp. Seroprevalence and Risks in Red Deer and Wild Boar in Central Portugal

<em>Mycobacterium avium</em> subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) in Portugal

Zoonotic and Food-Related Hazards Due to Hepatitis A and E in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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