Prevalence and risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension in five Indian cities

Abstract

There is little awareness that prehypertension and hypertension are public health issues in India. Ageing population, central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive salt and alcohol, lower fruit, vegetable and legumes intake increase risk for blood pressure elevation.

Prevalence of pre-hypertension and its relationship with body mass index among the medical students of Agartala government medical college

“…Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were significantly greater in South and West India as compared to Northern and Eastern India. 10 The study of young adults in search of factors associated with pre-hypertension allows early detection and gives the possibility of implementing early preventive actions. Sufficient data regarding blood pressure of young adults of North Eastern region are not available.…”

Association of Higher Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Diet with Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in North India

“…People of south Asian origin wherever they are settled have an increased vulnerability to coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes, compared to indigenous populations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The cause of increased susceptibility of south Asians to CAD and diabetes may be due to MS [20,22].…”

“…The epidemic of obesity and hypertension over the last two decades, in the middle and high income countries is associated with marked rise in the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS), CAD, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction and stroke and the total burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1][2][3][4]. The metabolic syndrome is associated with constellation of metabolic disturbances, of all the risk factors for CVD, [4].…”

“…In 1947, Vague [11], drew attention to upper body adiposity (android or male-type obesity) as the obesity phenotype that was commonly associated with metabolic abnormalities characterized with type 2 diabetes and CVD. There is urgent need for strategies to prevent the emerging global epidemic, as this syndrome appears to be a master of disguise since it can present in various ways according to the various components that constitute the syndrome [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Reaven [12], described the MS as syndrome X, De Fronzo et al [13], as the insulin resistance syndrome, and Kaplan [14], the deadly quartet.…”

“…Reaven [12], described the MS as syndrome X, De Fronzo et al [13], as the insulin resistance syndrome, and Kaplan [14], the deadly quartet. The MS represents a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including glucose intolerance (type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, or impaired fasting glycaemia), insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are well known risk factors for CAD [2,3]. Epidemiological studies suggest that primary risk factors such as physical inactivity and unbalanced nutritional consumption of excess calories, simple refined carbohydrates with a high glycemic index and load of high saturated fat (SF), trans fatty acids (TFA), and high w-6/w-3 ratio and lower monounsaturated fatty acids, in the diet are pro-inflammatory [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and contribute to the escalating rates of obesity, MS and mortality due to CVD [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”