Prevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing

Engelen, E. van; Schotten, N.; Schimmer, Barbara; Hautvast, Jeannine L A; Schaik, G. van; Duijnhoven, Yvonne T. H. P. van

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.016

Cited by 48 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The high prevalence levels further suggest that active disease transmission is occurring among the dairy cattle population and that available control measures are either not being implemented or not being effective. The estimated prevalence values of most of the studied pathogens broadly agree with those reported from other countries, where these pathogens are considered endemic, suggesting similar pathogen dynamics [BVDV and BHV-1 (Kampa et al., 2004;Sayers et al, 2015;Fernandes et al, 2016), MAP (Muskens et al, 2000;van Schaik et al, 2003), C. burnetii (van Engelen et al, 2014), Salmonella spp., and Leptospira Hardjo (Habing et al, 2012;O'Doherty et al, 2013). Higher-prevalence estimates of F. hepatica (Cringoli et al, 2002;Olsen et al, 2015) and N. caninum infections were estimated in our study compared with some other countries (Sanderson et al, 2000;O'Doherty et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Herd-level prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases of dairy cows in Great Britain

Velasova

Damaso

Prakashbabu

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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To implement appropriate and effective disease control programs at the national level, up-to-date and unbiased information on disease frequency is needed. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases in the population of dairy herds in Great Britain. Bulk milk tank (BMT) samples from 225 randomly selected dairy farms, stratified by region and herd size, were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira Hardjo, Salmonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Fasciola hepatica, Neospora caninum, and Ostertagia ostertagi. Furthermore, the presence of BVDV, C. burnetii, and Chlamydia-like organisms was determined by PCR. The apparent herd prevalence was estimated as a weighted proportion of positive herds. The true prevalence was calculated when a test was used with known test characteristics for the cut-off value used. Among unvaccinated herds, the true prevalence of BMT antibodies against BVDV was estimated at 66% [95% confidence interval (CI): 56-77%], M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis 68% (95% CI: 59-77%), bovine herpesvirus type 1 62% (95% CI: 52-73%), Leptospira Hardjo 47% (95% CI: 34-60%), and Salmonella spp. 48% (95% CI: 39-56%). The apparent prevalence of BMT antibodies against C. burnetii was 80% (95% CI: 75-85%), F. hepatica 55% (95% CI: 48-62%), N. caninum 46% (95% CI: 38-54%), and O. ostertagi 95% (95% CI: 91-98%). The BVDV, C. burnetii, and Chlamydia-like antigens were detected in 5 (95% CI: 2-9%), 29 (95% CI: 21-36%), and 31% (95% CI: 24-38%) of herds, respectively. Our results show that dairy cows across GB are frequently exposed to the studied pathogens, which are endemic at high levels with some geographical variations. These prevalence estimates provide a muchneeded basis to assess whether nationwide control programs for the studied pathogens are justified by their potential economic, environmental, and public health implications. Should surveillance and control programs be initiated, the estimates presented here are a baseline against which progress can be assessed. Key words: prevalence, endemic infectious disease, dairy cow, bulk milk, ELISA INTRODUCTIONSeveral infectious diseases of dairy cows such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and liver fluke are generally regarded as being widespread and endemic in the United Kingdom (Carslake et al., 2011;Sekiya et al., 2013). These diseases are known to have a significant effect on dairy production due to their effects on fertility (Fray et al., 2000;Lanyon et al., 2014;Walz et al., 2015), milk production (Tiwari et al., 2007;McAloon et al., 2016), and, subsequently, culling (Murphy et al., 2006;Smith et al., 2010).In Great Britain (GB) in 2005, the total costs of dairy and beef cattle endemic infectious diseases (disease, control, and prevention) were estimated to be as high as £10 million ($12.4 m...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Herd-level prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases of dairy cows in Great Britain

Velasova

Damaso

Prakashbabu

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Studies have shown that tick exposure might also be a factor in transmission of C. burnetii , based on findings that tick infestation is a risk factor for seropositivity (Cantas, Muwonge, Sareyyupoglu, Yardimci, & Skjerve, ; van Engelen et al, ; Psaroulaki et al, ). However, others have suggested that most tick species have low vector capacity to transmit C. burnetii and therefore are likely a secondary transmission driver compared to airborne transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sero‐epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya

Larson

Espira

Grabow

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Coxiella burnetii , the causative agent of Query fever (Q fever), is among the most highly infectious zoonotic pathogens transmitted among livestock, with chronic effects challenging to veterinary and medical detection and care systems. Transmission among domestic livestock species can vary regionally due to herd management practices that determine which livestock species are raised, whether or not livestock are in contact with wildlife, and the susceptibility of these livestock to infection. To explore how different livestock management practices are associated with the risk of infection in multispecies environments, we carried out a comparative study of three types of herd management systems in the central Kenyan county of Laikipia: agro‐commercial, mixed conservancy/commercial, and smallholder ranches. We tested C. burnetii antibody seroprevalence in four common livestock species. Across all management types, the highest seroprevalence was in camels (20%), followed by goats (18%), sheep (13%), and cattle (6%). We observed a lower odds of testing seropositive for young compared to adult animals (adjusted OR = 0.44 [95% CI 0.24, 0.76]), and for males compared to females (adjusted OR = 0.52 [95% CI 0.33, 0.80]). Animals from mixed conservancy/commercial and smallholder operations had a higher odds of testing seropositive compared to animals from agro‐commercial ranches (adjusted OR = 5.17 [95% CI 2.71, 10.44] and adjusted OR = 2.21 [95% CI 1.17, 4.43] respectively). These data suggest that herd management practices might affect the transmission dynamics of C. burnetii in arid African ecosystems like those seen in Kenya where several transmission modes are possible, risk of drought has promoted new livestock species such as camels, and multiple wildlife species may co‐occur with livestock on the landscape. Further longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle the mechanisms underlying these patterns, and further explore transmission patterns between wildlife, domestic animal, and human populations.

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“…Regarding control of visitors, access restriction, in‐house or clean boots and clothes as well as their personal working hygiene were perceived by experts as very important measures (Kuster et al., ). If not implemented, they were identified as significant risk factors for several diseases such as Q‐fever (van Engelen et al., ), BVD (Gates, Volkova, & Woolhouse, ), IBR (van Schaik et al., ) and other bovine respiratory diseases (Ohlson et al., ). If farmers are well aware of the risk and usually prevent vehicle access to animal transit areas, they are unwilling or do not feel comfortable with imposing measures to visitors; they usually rely on their professionalism and tend to believe their boots and clothes are clean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses

Renault

Damiaans

Sarrazin

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Over the last few years, a shift from curative towards preventive medicine occurred in the livestock sector. This led to an increased importance of biosecurity to better control infectious diseases by preventing their introduction and/or reducing their spread. Farmers are the main responsible actors of biosecurity measures (BSM). Existing studies report a low implementation level of BSM by the cattle farmers. Barriers such as cost, usefulness, importance, workload and lack of knowledge were investigated but the decision-making process of farmers related to a given BSM is not yet clarified. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the level of implementation of BSM in cattle farms, (ii) assess the correlation between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its effective implementation and (iii) identify the main reasons of non-implementation. A randomized survey was implemented in Belgium from December 2016 up to April 2017 with face-to-face interviews conducted in 100 Belgian farms. A descriptive analysis of data was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata14 . Chi-square and Spearman's rank correlation tests, respectively, allowed comparing implementation levels in dairy herds vs. beef herds and investigating the correlation between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its implementation level. Biosecurity measures were poorly implemented to prevent disease introduction through direct contact and almost not to avoid indirect transmission. Some measures showed a significant difference in terms of implementation level between beef and dairy herds. A positive correlation was highlighted between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its actual effective implementation. Perceived lack of efficiency, feasibility and usefulness are the reasons most often mentioned for non-implementation. Other factors potentially influencing the decision-making process should be further investigated and clarified. Evidence-based studies would be useful to convince the farmers of the need of implementing BSM.

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Prevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Herd-level prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases of dairy cows in Great Britain

Herd-level prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases of dairy cows in Great Britain

The sero‐epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya

Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses

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