Prevalence and Risk Factors for Visual Impairment in Preschool Children

Pai, Amy; Wang, Jie Jin; Samarawickrama, Chameen; Burlutsky, George; Rose, Kathryn A.; Varma, Rohit; Wong, Tien Yin; Mitchell, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.027

Cited by 71 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The majority of children in BCVIS (77%) had an additional associated non-ophthalmic disorder, as has commonly been described in similar populations 13. An increased risk of SVI/BL in children from ethnic minority groups, socio-economically deprived families, and those of low birth weight (<2500 g) was clearly identified, as was a 10% mortality risk in the first year after diagnosis; these findings being echoed by subsequent studies in industrialised countries 14 15. Preterm birth, inevitably associated with low birth weight, has increased significantly over the last two decades in the UK16 and the neurological sequelae of low birth weight are well recognised, with these children being more likely to have white matter damage affecting the visual system or developmental anomalies of the optic nerve 17.…”

Section: Causes Of Childhood Visual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 52%

Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children

Solebo

Rahi

2013

Archives of Disease in Childhood

104

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Section: Causes Of Childhood Visual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 52%

Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children

Solebo

Rahi

2013

Archives of Disease in Childhood

104

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“…Multiple studies have found strabismus to be the leading cause of amblyopia (Friedman et al 2009;Pai et al 2011;Chia et al 2013). In our study, strabismus with or without anisometropia was found to be slightly less prevalent a cause as anisometropia without strabismus, accounting for 43.6% (24/55) and 45.5% (25/55) cases of amblyopia, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Danish Rural Eye Study: the association of preschool vision screening with the prevalence of amblyopia

Høeg

Moldow

Ellervik

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To determine the prevalence of amblyopia in Denmark before and after the initiation of the Danish national preschool vision screening programme. Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional study, 3826 participants of the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) aged 20 years and older from a Danish rural municipality received a complete general health examination and an ophthalmological interview and examination. This study included a comprehensive ophthalmologic interview, measurement of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in each eye, Hirschberg's test for strabismus and two 45-degree retinal fundus photographs of each eye. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed when indicated. Results: The prevalence of monocular visual impairment (MVI) was 4.26% (95% CI, 3.66-4.95, n = 163). Amblyopia was the most common cause, accounting for 33%. The prevalence of amblyopia was 1.44% (95% CI, 1.01-1.81, n = 55), being higher among non-preschool vision screened persons compared to those who were offered (estimated 95% attendance) preschool vision screening (1.78%, n = 41, 95% CI 1.24-2.33 versus 0.44%, n = 2, 95% CI, 0.12-1.60, p = 0.024). The leading cause of amblyopia was anisometropia (45.5%, 25/55). Conclusions: Amblyopia was the most common cause of MVI. Following the initiation of the Danish national preschool vision screening programme, which has an approximate attendance rate of 95%, the prevalence of amblyopia decreased by fourfold.

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“…In 2009, the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study indicated in 0,7% the prevalence of myopia and nearly 9% that of hyperopia, in 1030 white Americans younger than 6 years of age [22]. Similarly, in 2011 the Sydney Pediatric Eye Disease Study examined 2461 children younger than 6 years of age and suggested an incidence of 6,4% of VI mostly due to refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus [23]. In 2008 Jobke and co-workers performed a population-based study on 516 German children, adolescent and young adults aged between 2 and 35 years and ended up with a prevalence of over 75% of emmetropia, nearly 20% myopia and 5% hyperopia [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective observational study of associated anomalies in Hirschsprung’s disease

Prato

Rossi

Mosconi

et al. 2013

Orphanet J Rare Dis

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BackgroundAssociated anomalies have been reported in around 20% of Hirschsprung patients but many Authors suggested a measure of underestimation. We therefore implemented a prospective observational study on 106 consecutive HSCR patients aimed at defining the percentage of associated anomalies and implementing a personalized and up-to-date diagnostic algorithm.MethodsAfter Institutional Ethical Committee approval, 106 consecutive Hirschsprung patients admitted to our Institution between January 2010 and December 2012 were included. All families were asked to sign a specific Informed Consent form and in case of acceptance each patient underwent an advanced diagnostic algorithm, including renal ultrasound scan (US), cardiologic assessment with cardiac US, cerebral US, audiometry, ENT and ophthalmologic assessments plus further specialist evaluations based on specific clinical features.ResultsMale to female ratio of our series of patients was 3,4:1. Aganglionosis was confined to the rectosigmoid colon (classic forms) in 74,5% of cases. We detected 112 associated anomalies in 61 (57,5%) patients. The percentage did not significantly differ according to gender or length of aganglionosis. Overall, 43,4% of patients complained ophthalmologic issues (mostly refraction anomalies), 9,4% visual impairment, 20,7% congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, 4,7% congenital heart disease, 4,7% hearing impairment or deafness, 2,3% central nervous system anomalies, 8,5% chromosomal abnormalities or syndromes and 12,3% other associated anomalies.ConclusionsOur study confirmed the underestimation of certain associated anomalies in Hirschsprung patients, such as hearing impairment and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Subsequently, based on our results we strongly suggest performing renal US and audiometry in all patients. Conversely, ophthalmologic assessment and cerebral and heart US can be performed according to guidelines applied to the general population or in case of patients with suspected clinical features or chromosomal abnormalities. This updated diagnostic algorithm aims at improving overall outcome thanks to better prognostic expectations, prevention strategies and early rehabilitation modalities. The investigation of genetic background of patients with associated anomalies might be the next step to explore this intriguing multifactorial congenital disease.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Visual Impairment in Preschool Children

Cited by 71 publications

References 24 publications

Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children

Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children

Danish Rural Eye Study: the association of preschool vision screening with the prevalence of amblyopia

A prospective observational study of associated anomalies in Hirschsprung’s disease

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