Prevalence and Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Nurses in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana

Abstract

Prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in various populations, and is becoming a huge problem among occupational/professional groups that are perceived as preponderantly sedentary. An attendant acquisition or imposition of a lowered physical activity level and other lifestyle with such occupations may contribute to the development of obesity and overweight. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight among nurses using Body Mass Indexes (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), to assess dietary habits, ascertain daily lifestyles in terms of physical activity and nutrition and to determine the associations between age, marital status, dietary habit, physical activity and BMI/WHR. The study was conducted in the four main hospitals within the Tamale metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana. A cross sectional analytical design was used for the study. Two hundred and twenty (220) nurses were selected based on a probability proportionate to size (PPS). A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed statistically using SPSS. The ages of respondents ranged from 20 to 60 years. The 20-30 years age group had the highest number of respondents (67.3%) with the age group of 41-50 having the lowest number (5.0%). In terms of gender, females dominated with 146 respondents representing 66.4% and males were 74 representing 33.6%. One hundred and nineteen (54.0%) of the respondents were married whilst 92 (41.8%) were never married, 6 (2.7%) were widowed and 3 (1.4%) were divorced in that order. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the nurses were 26.4% and 16.9% respectively. Physical inactivity and dietary habit especially skipping of meals was found to be contributing factors to overweight and obesity among the nurses. Age, gender and marital status had an influence on the level of obesity and overweight among the nurses as the older nurses were more likely to be obese than the younger ones, female nurses were significantly more likely to be obese than the males, whilst those married had a higher tendency to be overweight and obese than the never married, divorced and widowed respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses in the Tamale metropolis is high and of public health significance. Lifestyle and eating habits associated with the nature of the occupation, especially skipping of meals and a predominance of physical inactivity may be significant contributors to the high prevalence of obesity and overweight among the nurses.

Association of rotating night shift with lipid profile among nurses in an Egyptian tertiary university hospital

“…This may have led to an increase in their sedentary routine work and decreased energy expenditure, which in turn increased the risk of becoming overweight or obese. Longer service, associated with eating an unhealthy diet, leads to overweight and obesity (16). This information may explain the significant association between age and elevated levels of serum TG and LDL in our study.…”

Correlates of meal skipping in young adults: a systematic review

“…Regular B 69.2%,Regular L 75.5%,Regular D 76.0%SEX: (0 TMS)3. Aryee et al 2013 [35]GhanaCross-sectionalNurses; 220; (66% F)20–60 years; (67.3% 20–30 years)Q: Do you meal skip? (Yes/No) “Yes”53.6% skipped mealsBMI: (+TMS)4. Bahl et al 2013 [36]USACross-sectionalCollege students (Business); 353 (43% F)N/RQ: How many days during the last week (0–7) did you skip meals?NumericalParticipants who had mindfulness training skipped meals on 1.25 days during the last week compared to 1.94 days for the non-training groupMINDFULLNESS: (- TMS)SATISFIED: (quality of life - TMS)5.…”

“…The included studies were conducted in 15 countries: seven from the United States [1, 12, 31, 36, 44, 62, 63], five from Japan [32, 33, 52, 53, 56] five from Turkey [49, 51, 59–61] three from Nigeria [34, 50, 57] two from Korea [37, 47], Ghana [35, 39] and Poland [54, 55] and one from China [45], Croatia [38], Egypt [41], Greece [43], India [40], Iraq [46], Saudi Arabia [42] and the United Arab Emirates [48]. …”

“…Of the 35 included studies, 17 consisted of primarily female participants (>50%) [1, 12, 31, 35, 38–40, 43–45, 47, 50, 51, 58, 61–63], 10 included female participants only [32, 37, 41, 42, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59], six consisted of primarily male participants (>50%) [33, 34, 36, 49, 57, 60]. One study had an even distribution of male and female participants [54], and one study failed to report the sex distribution of its participants [46].…”

“…Meal skipping was defined as a non-reported meal within the respective dietary assessment method. Binary response questions were also used to measure meal skipping, with options “Yes/No” or “Regularly/Rarely” used by eight studies [34, 35, 39, 41, 47, 50, 60, 62]. Question wording influenced how meal skipping was defined in these binary response questions.…”