Prevalence and Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection Among Middle-Age Women in Brazil and the Philippines

Smith, Jennifer S.; Herrero, Rolando; Muñóz, Núbia; Eluf-Neto, José; Ngelangel, Cora; Bosch, F. Xavier; Ashley, Rhoda

doi:10.1097/00007435-200104000-00001

Cited by 45 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Evidence that HSV-2-infection increases the risk of transmitting HIV (Celum 2004) indicates that further studies are necessary to clarify the interaction of these two infections. Smith et al (2001) found that middle-age women in Brazil that suspected their husbands had extramarital partners had higher HSV-2 seropositivity rates. According to these authors, this finding suggests that the risk of HSV-2 acquisition is dependent not only on whether a woman's husband has other sexual partners, but also on the likelihood that he will acquire HSV-2 infection from these sexual partners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Santos

Oliveira

Setúbal

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 HSV-2 is one of the commonest causes of genital ulceration worldwide, but the relative importance of infection appears to vary from place to place. In countries where co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HSV-2 is common the significance of HSV-2 as a cause of ulceration has probably been underestimated (Cowan et al. 2003). The ulceration that occurs in immunocompromised individuals is frequently atypical, severe, and persistent (McGrath & Newman 1994, Suligoi et al. 2002 and may mimic ulceration caused by other organisms, such as syphilis and chancroid (Chen et al. 2000).There is increasing evidence that HSV-2 facilitates HIV transmission (Wasserheit 1992 unrecognized and most people who are infected shed virus at some time and are, therefore, potentially infectious. Therefore, seroepidemiological studies are critical to understanding the pattern and distribution of infection within populations (Cowan et al. 2003). Nonetheless, data on the prevalence of HSV-2 infection among HIV-positive individuals are scarce. Recently, commercially available type-specific serologic assays allowed more extensive study of the epidemiology of HSV-2 infections (Ashley et al. 1998, Cowan et al. 2003, Turner et al. 2003.The objectives of the current study were to determine the seroprevalence of HSV-2 and its association with age, sex as well as other demographic and behavioural factors among HIV-positive patients from a large general hospital in Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects -The study was conducted in the Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro, Federal Fluminense University, a large tertiary public hospital located in Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Niterói has around 474,000 inhabitants and the hospital provides health care to neighboring municipalities and to a lesser extent to populations from other parts of the state. results and offered treatment, if necessary. Blood samples were assigned a numerical code to conceal the identity of the study subjects. The patients were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire that included information on demographic variables (gender, age, level of education, residence), behaviour practices (number of lifetime sex partners, age of first sexual intercourse), and past history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and genital herpes. Serum samples were collected from each participant and linked to the questionnaire by the aforementioned numerical code.Serological tests -Sera were screened for HVS-2 immunoglobulin G antibodies using an indirect HSV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HerpesSelect, Focus Technologies, Cypress, CA, US), which has an estimated sensitivity of 98% and an estimated specificity of 97% (Ashley et al. 1998). The test uses recombinant HSV-2 gG2 antigen to identify HSV-2 antibodies, and was run according to the manufacturer's specifications, with control sera in the same test plate. Results were reported accord...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Santos

Oliveira

Setúbal

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Most previous studies in Brazil and Latin America were conducted in a single geographic area and recruited volunteers from specifi c, non-representative populations such as blood donors, pregnant women, 2,23 and high-risk groups. 5,13,19,24 This approach entails the possibility of selection bias and thus only generates data representative of the populations studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies with adolescents, pregnant or not pregnant women, and blood donors found a seroprevalence of anti-HSV-2 ranging between 22.6% and 42%. 5,12,13,19,23 In one study, the control group of a cervical cancer study in São Paulo (N=181) and the Philippines (N=371) showed a prevalence of HSV-2 of 42% in Brazilian women and of only 9.2% in the Philippines. 19 In contrast, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in our study was 23.8% in same-age women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,12,13,19,23 In one study, the control group of a cervical cancer study in São Paulo (N=181) and the Philippines (N=371) showed a prevalence of HSV-2 of 42% in Brazilian women and of only 9.2% in the Philippines. 19 In contrast, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in our study was 23.8% in same-age women. Another study was conducted in the city of Campinas 2 in three different populations (students, pregnant women, individuals with an STD), and the seroprevalence of anti-HSV-2 was higher in patients with STDs (53.1%) and higher in men than women (63.5% vs. 40.9%, p<0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soroprevalência de anticorpos contra vírus herpes simples 1-2 no Brasil

Clemens

Farhat

2010

Rev. Saúde Pública

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OBJECTIVE:To estimate the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in Brazil and to analyze factors associated. METHODS:Cross-sectional study including subjects aged 1-40 years from the general population in four different geographical areas in Brazil between 1996 and 1997. All subjects were stratifi ed by age and gender and 1,090 of them were included in the fi nal analysis. Blood samples were tested for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies by type-specifi c (gG1 and gG2) ELISA. Frequencies and proportions were described and compared among groups using two-sided Fisher's exact test. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the infl uence of the variables age, gender, geographical area, socioeconomic condition, past history of STD, seropositivity for anti-HSV-1 or anti-HSV-2 and interactions of any of these factors on the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. RESULTS:The age-adjusted seroprevalences of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies were 67.2% and 11.3%, respectively, without sex differences and being higher in the North region. Seroprevalences increased with age and, for HSV-2 infection, the higher increase was observed among adolescents and young adults. Subjects who tested positive for HSV-1 were more likely to also test positive for HSV-2 (15.7%) compared to HSV-1 negative subjects (4.7%). In the multivariate analysis past history of STD signifi cantly (OR=3.2) increased the likelihood of HSV-2 infection whereas socioeconomic condition did not affect the results. CONCLUSIONS:HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalences vary with age and among Brazilian regions. Past history of STD is a major risk factor for HSV-2 infection.

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“…Since the seventies, the prevalence of HSV-2 infection has been steadily increasing; this problem has become a public health issue in recent years, even during the "HIV decade" [62]. One recent study on the prevalence of HSV-2 infection in middle-aged Brazilian women found 42% seropositivity [63]. Carvalho et al [64] found varying prevalence rates according to the subpopulation studied: 6.9% of students evaluated, 22.6% of pregnant women and 53.1% of the individuals with sexually transmitted diseases presented antibodies to HSV-2.…”

Section: Herpesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually-transmitted viral diseases in women: clinical and epidemiological aspects and advances in laboratory diagnosis

Pinto¹,

Baggio²,

Guedes³

2005

Braz J Infect Dis

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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have long been known, but they have only recently been recognized as causes of significant long-term morbidity, mainly as a result of increased knowledge concerning viral STDs. The relationship of these diseases with conditions such as anogenital cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has made viral STDs an important issue in the healthcare of women and infants, and in reproductive health. The evolution of the AIDS pandemic is now characterized by growing differences between rich and poor nations. New diagnostic tools include rapid tests of blood, urine and saliva samples. New techniques, such as computerized cytology, have been developed for the diagnosis of human papillomavirus (HPV). Women infected with HIV are at a greater risk of being co-infected with HPV, and they are also more prone to the progression and persistence of HPV lesions. The herpes simplex virus presents high rates of co-infection with HIV, and it plays a particularly important role in increasing transmission rates of this virus.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection Among Middle-Age Women in Brazil and the Philippines

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Soroprevalência de anticorpos contra vírus herpes simples 1-2 no Brasil

Sexually-transmitted viral diseases in women: clinical and epidemiological aspects and advances in laboratory diagnosis

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