Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel

Elnekave, Ehud; Maanen, Kees van; Shilo, Hila; Gelman, Boris; Storm, Nick; Berdenstain, Svetlane; Berke, Olaf; Klement, Eyal

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Sex, age, production zone, bringing in of SR, purchase of SR from the market and middlemen, no wildlife interaction, no housing, grazing, watering and breeding method showed a statistically significant negative relationship. The observation that animals from dairy production type were positively associated with FMD sero-positivity was unexpected but consistent with the findings of Elnekave et al [36]. Similarly the findings that bringing in of animals, purchase of animals from markets and middlemen as well as migratory grazing system were negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were unexpected.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In this study the country sero-prevalence of FMD in SR was found to be 23.3% similar to what has been reported in other countries where FMD is endemic [41,42]. It is however higher than that reported in Ethiopia, Israel, Libya and Sudan [33,34,36,37,43] but about half of what has been reported in Tanzania and Myanmar [39,44,45]. A previous study in cattle in Kenya showed much higher sero-prevalence in cattle at 52.5% [70] and unpublished data obtained at the same time with this current study in Kenyan cattle revealed a sero-prevalence rate of 37.6% in cattle.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This may be possible because this production type is found among pastoral and agro-pastoral systems where purchase of animals is from the market or middlemen and which in each case had high sero-prevalence. Elnekave et al [36] have demonstrated higher FMD sero-prevalence in dairy animals than in feedlot animals. That sero-prevalence in herds in pastoral and agro-pastoral systems is higher than in other production systems has also been demonstrated in Tanzania [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sero-prevalence among animals in herds which had communal, mixed or migratory grazing systems was higher compared to those within fenced or zero-grazing systems. Elnekave et al [36] have demonstrated that grazing animals compared to feedlot ones are at higher risk of FMD infection. This is expected as in the former three, there is high mobility of animals and therefore high probability of mixing with infected herds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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20All authors: ECC, GCG, GMM, AKS, SWK developed the research plan and methodology and 21 all discussed the results. GCG guided the whole process and provided constructive and 22 supportive insights. AKS provided FMD expertise. SKW, GMM and ECC curated, visualized 23 and analyzed the data. ECC and SWK sourced for funding and other resources, carried out the 24 investigation and wrote the original draft. All authors edited and approved the final draft. 25 2 26 Abstract 27 28Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. 29The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) is not documented. We carried out a 30 cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the 31 associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster 32 sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of Non-33 Structural-Proteins using ID Screen ® NSP Competition ELISA kit. Data were analysed using 34 Statistical Package for Social Studies Version 20. To identify the risk factors, chi-square and 35logistic regression analyses were used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 23.3% 36 (95% CI: 22.3-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9-80.9%). Sero-37 positivity was significantly higher in the pastoral zone (31.5%) than in the sedentary zone at 38 14.5% (χ2 =303.2, p<0.05). In the most parsimonious backward fitting logistic multivariable 39 regression, the only risk factors that were significantly positively associated with FMD sero-40 positivity in SR were multipurpose (OR=1.150; p=0.034) and dairy production types (OR=2.029; 41 p=0.003). Those that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were 42 male sex (OR=0.856; p=0.026), young age (OR=0.601; p=0.037), sedentary production zone 43 (OR=0.471; p<0.001), bringing in of SR (OR=0.838; p=0.004), purchase of SR from 44 market/middlemen (OR=0.877; p=0.049), no interaction with wildlife (OR=0.657; p<0.001), 45 mixed production type (OR=0.701; p=0.016), enclosure of SR day and night (OR=0.515; 46 p=0.001), migratory grazing system (OR=0.807; p=0.047), on-farm watering system (OR=0.724; 47 p=0.002), male-from-another-farm (OR=0.723; p=0.030) and artificial insemination (OR=0.357; 48 p=0.008) breeding methods. 49This study showed that there is widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by 50 ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. The risk factors 3 51 were mainly husbandry related. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in carrier SR 52 which pose potential risk of virus transmission to other susceptible species is recommended. 53Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. 54Cross-transmission and more risk factors need to be researched. 55 56

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Chepkwony

Gitao

Muchemi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…As for PPR, our study identified age as a risk factor for FMDV exposure. Age is a documented risk factor for FMDV exposure in cattle, both in endemic and epidemic settings [58,59]. A higher age gives a longer time to be exposed in the endemic setting, and the higher mortality seen in younger animals leaves the older seropositive animals to be sampled [59,60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Torsson

Berg

Misinzo

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.

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Foot and Mouth Disease

Metwally¹,

Charleston²,

Lyons³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Foot and Mouth Disease

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