Prevalence and risk factors of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective To estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in China. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. After the literature was screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, STATA® version 17.0 software was used for the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity among study data was assessed using I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis and meta-regressions were performed to further explore the source of heterogeneity. Results A total of 5241 studies were retrieved. Of these, 44 studies were found to be eligible. The pooled prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection was 6.0%. The risk factors for HIV/TB co-infection included a low CD4+ T cell count, smoking, intravenous drug use and several other sociodemographic and clinical factors. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination history was a protective factor. Conclusion A high prevalence of TB was observed among people living with HIV/AIDS in China. Low CD4+ T cell count, smoking, and intravenous drug use were the primary risk factors for HIV/TB co-infection, whereas BCG vaccination history was a protective factor. Checking for TB should be prioritized in HIV screening and healthcare access. Systematic review registration Registered on PROSPERO, Identifier: CRD42022297754.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients Attending an ART Clinic: A Study at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital

“…Most of the HIV/TB-co-infected patients had less than eight years of schooling and also had low incomes. This apparent association might have been a consequence of other health hazards, including the lack of health education and not having access to health care [23,24]. The study also showed that the majority (68.8%) of the participants with PTH were males, while 43 (60.6%) of the participants without PTB were females, with a p-value of 0.001 and an odds ratio of 0.48 (0.…”

“…This could be because male gender is more associated with behaviours that could increase the risk of getting the disease than their female counterparts, such as drinking alcohol and smoking, among others, when compared with other studies. Qi et al, [24] Studies in southern Asia found that HIV-TB co-infection was diagnosed in 18.9% with a higher prevalence among males (75.3%), in the sexually active age group 31-45 years (61.3%), with less than primary education (44.15%), who were married (56.1%), laborers (42.4%), from rural backgrounds (88.2%), and having low income-earning capacity (94.4%). In addition, a study in Brazil also found that there are more men with registered cases of TB without HIV, at a ratio of 2:1 men to women [25].…”

Long-term survival experience of tuberculosis patients in a rural district of Ghana

“…Also, males have poor health-seeking behaviour than females in our part of the country which may adversely impact their treatment adherence and outcomes. Several studies have also reported the lethal synergy between TB and HIV [7,[27][28][29][30][31]. In congruence, Amante and Ahemed [32] and Teketelew et al [20] demonstrated that younger age and Pulmonary negative TB cases were at significant risk of survival.…”

Nanocarriers in Tuberculosis Treatment: Challenges and Delivery Strategies

“…Among the most important global health challenges are infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and human immunodeficiency virus infection [1,2]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an aerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile, acid-fast tubercular, rod-shaped bacillus, causes airborne TB, which mostly affects the lungs but may also impact extra-pulmonary regions [3].…”