“…These factors often include interrelated life challenges (Holcomb et al, 2015) such as criminal history, limited education, low household income, un- or under-employment, and young age at the time of the first child’s birth (CECANF, 2016, Clement, Berube, & Chamberland, 2016; Lansford et al, 2015; NCANDS, 2017;). Substance abuse and depression have also been shown to increase risk (Kelley, Lawrence, Milletich, Hollis, & Henson, 2015; Lee, Taylor, & Bellamy, 2012; Stover, Easton, & McMahon, 2013).…”