Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study

Liu, Gang; Zong, Geng; Doty, Richard L.; Sun, Qi

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013246

Cited by 174 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In our study cohort, we found significantly higher rates of comorbidities and other medical conditions in adults with alterations in smell or taste. This is consistent with previous studies analyzing national surveys on this topic . Persistent cold/flu symptoms, sinonasal disease, and head trauma have been reported as being associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction likely due to disruption or obstruction of the olfactory mucosa .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This is consistent with previous studies analyzing national surveys on this topic. 32,33 Persistent cold/flu symptoms, sinonasal disease, and head trauma have been reported as being associated with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction likely due to disruption or obstruction of the olfactory mucosa. [1][2][3]8 Comorbidities and exposure to environmental toxins such as smoking and alcohol also likely increase the risk of damage to the olfactory mucosa leading to dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of alterations in smell and taste with depression in older adults

Hur

Choi

Zheng

et al. 2018

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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ObjectiveExamine the relationship between depression and changes in smell or taste.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis of 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsWe examined 5,275 adults ≥40 years old who completed smell and taste questionnaires as well as a validated depression assessment instrument, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Analyses incorporated sampling weights to account for the complex sampling design and associations were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for related demographics and socioeconomic data.ResultsThe prevalence of altered smell and taste was 23.0% (95% CI: 20.7–25.3%) and 11.9% (95% CI: 10.7–13.1%), respectively. Among those who met criteria for major depressive disorder, the prevalence of altered smell and taste was higher at 39.8% (95% CI: 33.4–46.1%) and 23.7% (95% CI: 18.7–28.7%), respectively. In a multivariate model adjusting for age, gender, education, major comorbidities, smoking history, heavy alcohol use, sinus disease, cold symptoms, and trauma history, adults ≥40 and <65 years old who reported alterations in smell (OR: 1.64, p = 0.004) and adults ≥40 years old who reported alterations in taste (OR: 1.77, p = 0.001) were more likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder.ConclusionThere is a strong association between major depression and alterations in smell and taste among certain age groups in the general U.S. population. Primary care providers should screen for depression when patients report changes in smell or taste.Level of Evidence4.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of alterations in smell and taste with depression in older adults

Hur

Choi

Zheng

et al. 2018

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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“…Twelve healthy female Korean participants (mean age, 31.2 years; range, 21‐39 years) who did not exhibit any olfactory diseases participated in this study. The participants were instructed to avoid meals and alcohol six hours before the start of the study, and to not apply any hair products including cosmetics with fragrance . The purpose and relevant information regarding the study were provided to the participants and each provided consent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aromatherapy is often referred to as an action using essential oils that contain fragrances extracted from therapeutic plants, to increase mental functioning . It is a natural remedy using plants and performed widely through massage, inhalation, fomentation, bath, and foot bath .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

Aromatherapy is often referred to as an action using essential oils that contain fragrances extracted from therapeutic plants, to increase mental functioning. [1][2][3][4][5] It is a natural remedy using plants and performed widely through massage, inhalation, fomentation, bath, and foot bath. 6 Recently, many fragrance-related cosmetic products are becoming popular, and related fields and industries are also becoming widespread.

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of human electroencephalogram change for sensory effects of fragrance

Park¹,

Kim²,

Oh³

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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Background The stabilizing effect of lavender and the arousal effect of peppermint essential oils are acknowledged and used widely in aromatherapy and the cosmetics industry. However, no evaluation method confirms the effects of essential oils through quantitative and objective electroencephalogram (EEG) results; instead, only a psychological and subjective method exists. Therefore, this study aims to create a new emotional cosmetic evaluation paradigm using EEG values. Moreover, it enables quantitative interpretation of the results in addition to the subjective survey outcomes. Methods For this study, 12 healthy female Korean participants were recruited and three fragrances were used. The EEG results were collected for 3 minutes (1 minute each before, during, and after inhalation of every fragrance). Results The quantitative EEG outcomes indicate changes in the participant's brainwaves before and after inhalation. Significant changes in the EEG were observed. Based on the results, the effects of fragrances were confirmed to be stabilizing for lavender, and arousing for peppermint and coffee aroma. Furthermore, the subjective questionnaire results indicate similar tendency as that of the quantitative EEG results. Conclusion In addition to psychological and subjective assessments, our emotional evaluation method can verify the cosmetic fragrance effects through quantitative and objective results.

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Association of Multisensory Impairment With Quality of Life and Depression in English Older Adults

Liljas

Jones

Cadar

et al. 2020

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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n many countries including England, the population is aging. 1,2 Sensory impairments are common in later life. In particular, hearing impairment is estimated to affect 22% of English adults aged 50 to 80 years, a figure that increases to 55% in those 75 years and older, 3 and vision impairment affects 12% of English adults 60 years and older. 4 The prevalence of other sensory impairments such as taste, smell, or touch in older English adults is unknown. 5 However, in the United States, smell impairment affects 25% of adults aged 53 to 97 years, 6 and taste impairment affects 15% of US adults aged 57 to 85 years. 7 A poor sensory function can cause wide-ranging problems for the individual, including reduced ability to undertake everyday activities 8,9 ; increased risks of frailty, 10,11 dementia, 12,13 and depression 14,15 ; and reduced quality of life. 16,17 While most previous research has focused on a single sensory impairment, fewer studies have examined relationships of combined sensory impairments, including dual sensory impairments (most commonly combined hearing and vision impairment) with adverse health and well-being in older age. Existing research includes evidence of relationships between dual sensory impairments and symptoms of depression, 18 cognitive impairment, 19 poorer quality of life, 20 and loneliness. 21 Two of these studies did not find interactions between sensory impairments with age, 18,19 whereas 1 study suggested that advanced age (≥80 years) might influence the associations between dual sensory impairments and quality of life. 20 Moreover, having more than 1 sensory impairment has been shown to have worse consequences for health compared with a single sensory impairment. 20,22 IMPORTANCE Sensory acuity tends to decrease with age, but little is known about the relationship between having multiple sensory impairments and well-being in later life. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between concurrent multisensory impairments and aspects of well-being and mental health, namely quality of life and depressive symptoms. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analysis of participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging wave 8 (May 2016 to June 2017). This is a representative sample of free-living English individuals 52 years and older. Analysis began April 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association of self-reported concurrent impairments in hearing, vision, smell, and taste with quality of life (0-57 on the 19-item CASP-19 scale; Control, Autonomy, Self-realization and Pleasure) and depressive symptoms (Ն4 items on the 8-item Centre for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale). RESULTS Using a representative sample of 6147 individuals, 52% (weighted) were women (n = 3455; unweighted, 56%) and the mean (95% CI) age was 66.6 (66.2-67.0) years. Multiple sensory impairments were associated with poorer quality of life and greater odds of depressive symptoms after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle f...

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Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 174 publications

References 51 publications

Association of alterations in smell and taste with depression in older adults

Association of alterations in smell and taste with depression in older adults

Evaluation of human electroencephalogram change for sensory effects of fragrance

Association of Multisensory Impairment With Quality of Life and Depression in English Older Adults

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