Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Selected Thai Population

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition with high mortality, but it is amenable to secondary prevention. Data on its prevalence in Thailand are scarce. To study the prevalence of PAD in a middle-class, urban Thai population, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Electric Generating Authority of Thailand's head plant, Nonthaburi, in 2002 and 2003 on all surviving and contactable employees and former employees who had participated in the first cardiovascular risk factors survey in 1985. Participants completed a structured questionnaire detailing their medical history, and they underwent a physical examination. A diagnosis of PAD was made when the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was < 0.9. Ankle-brachial index data were available for 98% of participants in the survey; 75% were men, and participants' ages ranged from 52 to 73 years. The overall prevalence of PAD was 5.2%. The age-standardized prevalence of PAD was 4% in men and 9% in women. Multiple logistic regression analysis found hypertension (OR = 1.7), female gender (OR = 1.9), current smoking (OR = 3.0), current alcohol drinking (OR = 0.41), and overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m( 2), OR = 0.54) to be significant (P < .05) predictors of PAD. The prevalence of PAD in urban, middle-class Thais was similar to that in the population in developed countries.

Prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and its association with carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 111)

“…[39][40][41] In contrast, the prevalence of PVD in Asian diabetic populations has been reported to be lower than that in Western populations. 42,43 However, the peripheral artery disease (PAD)-SEARCH study, 44 which was carried out on 6625 diabetic patients from 72 hospitals in seven major Asian countries -Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines -reported the prevalence to be 17.7%.…”

Determinants of pulse pressure and annual rates of change in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

“…Numerous risk factors contribute to the development of vascular disease as manifested in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Hypertension is well established as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for CVD progression [13].…”

The Importance of Conservative Measures in Peripheral Arterial Disease: An Update

“…3,5,[23][24][25] Additionally, a dose-dependent association between smoking and the severity of PAD has been supported. 25 Both active 22 and passive 26 cigarette smoking impair flowmediated endothelium-dependent peripheral arterial vasodilatation (arterial stiffness).…”

“…[27][28][29][30][31] According to P eripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects a considerable percentage of the elderly population. [1][2][3] According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 18.6% of the adult US population who were aged ≥40 years has lower extremity disease, including PAD and peripheral insensate neuropathy. 4,5 A large (n = 264,570 patients) international (16 countries) survey of middle-aged adults (age, 54-64 years) reported an 8% prevalence of PAD.…”