Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016

Nyakarahuka, Luke; Maurice, Annabelle de St; Purpura, Lawrence; Ervin, Elizabeth; Balinandi, Stephen; Tumusiime, Alex; Kyondo, Jackson; Mulei, Sophia; Tusiime, Patrick; Lutwama, Julius J.; Klena, John D.; Brown, Shelley; Knust, Barbara; Rollin, Pierre E.; Nichol, Stuart T.; Shoemaker, Trevor

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006412

Cited by 66 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This region constitutes long borders with Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and South Sudan. Most of these countries are known to be endemic of Rift Valley fever [56][57][58][59][60]. It is likely that the active and uncontrolled migration of human and animal population might have played a key role in spreading of RVFV in the DRC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito-borne viral diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a review

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito-borne viral diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a review

et al. 2020

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“…Outbreaks may then be amplified by epidemic vectors, of which Culex theileri is considered the most important on the interior plateau 12 . Risk factor studies conducted during and after outbreaks in both humans and animals have identified several other environmental, human, and animal factors that may be associated with RVF outbreaks and RVFV seropositivity [13][14][15][16][17] . The presence of large water bodies was found to be associated with seropositivity in Somalia 15 and southwest Saudi Arabia 16 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity in domestic ruminants in central South Africa four years after a large outbreak

Ngoshe

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Rostal

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Rift Valley fever (RVf) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis showing complex epidemiological patternsthat are poorly understood in South Africa. Large outbreaks occur in the central interior at long, irregular intervals, most recently in 2010-2011; however, the level of herd immunity of ruminant livestock, a key determinant of outbreaks, is unknown. During 2015-2016 a cross-sectional study on 234 randomly-selected farms investigated the prevalence, patterns of, and factors associated with, antibodies to RVF virus (RVFV) in livestock in an area heavily affected by that outbreak. A RVFV inhibition ELISA was used to screen 977 cattle, 1,549 sheep and 523 goats and information on potential risk factors was collected using a comprehensive questionnaire. the estimated RVfV seroprevalence, adjusted for survey design, was 42.9% in cattle, 28.0% in sheep and 9.3% in goats, showing a high degree of farm-level clustering. Seroprevalence increased with age and was higher on private vs. communal land, on farms with seasonal pans (temporary, shallow wetlands) and perennial rivers and in recently vaccinated animals. Seropositivity amongst unvaccinated animals born after the last outbreak indicates likely viral circulation during the post-epidemic period. the current level of herd immunity in livestock may be insufficient to prevent another large outbreak, should suitable conditions recur.Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne viral zoonosis caused by RVF virus (RVFV), a member of the Phlebovirus genus, family Phenuiviridae of the recently established order Bunyavirales 1 . RVF is endemic primarily in sub-Saharan Africa but has crossed several barriers including the Sahara to Egypt, the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian Ocean to the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar 2-4 . Spread through infected animals and mosquitoes to countries where the disease is not endemic is increasingly possible, with more frequent export of livestock from Africa to other countries and the presence of known or potentially competent vectors in those countries 4,5 . RVFV causes sporadic outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality, characterized by abortion storms and high mortalities in neonatal sheep, cattle and goats 6,7 . Human infection generally occurs concurrently with disease outbreaks in domestic ruminants 2,5,8 , where humans work or live in close contact with livestock.Outbreaks tend to occur following above average rainfall and localized flooding 9 . These climatic conditions favour breeding of floodwater mosquitoes that are the proposed maintenance vectors of this virus via transovarial transmission 10 . The floodwater mosquitoes considered to be vectors on the interior plateau of South Africa are those in the Aedes subgenera Ochlerotatus and Neomelaniconion 11 . Outbreaks may then be amplified by epidemic vectors, of which Culex theileri is considered the most important on the interior plateau 12 . Risk factor studies conducted during and after outbreaks in both humans and animals have identified several other environmental, ...

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“…The RVF virus is transmitted through bites of various species of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes which serve as reservoirs and amplifying vectors, respectively. The virus can also be transmitted through contact with infective animal tissues such as blood, aborted foetus and other body fluids (Nyakarahuka et al 2018). Humans have also been infected through drinking of raw, unpasteurized milk from infected animals (Ng'ang'a et al 2016).…”

Section: Rift Valley Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%