Prevalence and risk factors of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in a rural community in Brazil

Abstract

The epidemiology of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) in endemic communities is not well understood. To describe the prevalence of HrCLM and to identify environmental and behavioural risk factors for the infestation, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in a small village in an endemic area of north-eastern Brazil - one in the rainy season and the other in the dry season. The members of each household were examined clinically for the presence of HrCLM, and information on possible risk factors was collected. HrCLM, which was diagnosed in 45 individuals in the rainy-season survey and in 17 in the dry-season survey, was significantly more prevalent in the rainy season (4.4% v. 1.7%; P<0.001). The age-specific prevalences peaked, at 14.9%, in infants and children aged < or = 4 years. In a logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors for current infestation or infestation in the preceding 6 months were identified as young age (odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.94-0.98), living in a house without a solid floor (odds ratio = 1.99; 95% confidence interval = 1.22-3.23), and walking barefoot (odds ratio = 1.77; 95% confidence interval = 1.12-2.80). In the study area, therefore, HrCLM is a common parasitic skin disease in children, is associated with behavioural and environmental risk factors, and shows marked seasonality in its prevalence. Local control of HrCLM should be based primarily on the health education of mothers and the elder girls who take care of their younger siblings.

Mini review: hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans

“…HrCLM is endemic in many resource-poor communities in the developing world [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. A study in Manaus, Brazil, showed an astounding prevalence of 9.4% in children during the rainy season (A. Schuster, H. Feldmeier, unpublished observation 2009).…”

“…A study in Manaus, Brazil, showed an astounding prevalence of 9.4% in children during the rainy season (A. Schuster, H. Feldmeier, unpublished observation 2009). In urban slums and impoverished rural communities in Northeast Brazil, up to 4% of the general population and 15% of children have been found to be infested [10][11][12]. As a rule, a high incidence of HrCLM in the human population reflects the presence of many (stray) dogs and cats which are infected with hookworms, which are not, or not regularly, treated with anthelmintics [17].…”

Dermatological Aspects of a Humanitarian Mission

“…The community acquired dermatological diseases, mostly scabies was more frequent amongst the refuges coming from the neighboring crisis areas [7,8]. Due to the poverty many people had no shoes, representing a possible way of being infected by worms (GNI per capita: 440 USD) [5, [9][10][11]. Altogether, 679 patients were examined, representing 404 females (mean age 33.29 years) and 275 males (mean age 20.34 years) as shown by decades [ Figure 1].…”

Skin lesions in returning travellers

“…According to selective studies the rates of cutaneous larva migrans among travellers range from 5% up to 25% [2,8,22,46]. The incidence of CLM follows a seasonal pattern, with more infections occurring during the rainy seasons [47]. After direct contact with surface contaminated the faeces, e.g.…”