Prevalence and Risk Factors of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Nineveh Province, Iraq

Abstract

| The objectives of the present research are to evaluate the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle employing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR technique), to identify FMDV genotypes and to investigate some epidemiological risk factors related to the disease prevalence. A total of 460 saliva swabs and blood samples were collected from cattle of different ages and sexes in Nineveh province, Iraq. Epidemiological data were collected through interviews with the farmer s' employer. Viral RNA was extracted from saliva, and RT-PCR was conducted to identify the virus genotypes based on VP1 and VP3 genes amplification. The overall occurrence of FMD in Nineveh province based on c-ELISA test and RT-PCR was 46.95% and 40.43%, respectively. According to Kappa value (0.81), it has a mean that is of higher compatibility between c-ELISA test and RT-PCR for diagnosis of FMDV in cattle. The risk factors that are significantly associated with higher prevalence of FMD including: Feedlot calves >6 months -2 years old, females, pregnant animals, imported animals, indoor feeding, large herd size, beef purpose, non-vaccinated, in north-eastern parts of the province and in spring and winter months. Four genotypes of FMDV (A, O, Asia1 and SAT) were detected in Nineveh province at (12.39%, 6.95%, 17.39% and 3.69%) respectively. Genotype C was not detected in this research. In conclusion, our results reported the first time detection of four FMDV genotypes in Nineveh province and there are several risk factors linked to the disease occurrence, which require strict control measures. Citation | Salim SAS, Talb OQ, Yousif AS, Daher HS (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of foot and mouth disease virus in nineveh province, iraq. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 8(1): 1-10.

Novel pathologic findings and viral antigen distribution in cattle and buffalo calves naturally infected with Foot-and-Mouth disease virus

“…The high serum levels of glucose in both affected and recovered calves than the control calves in the present study are in congruent with the earlier observations which suggest the damage to the islets of Langerhans due to replication of FMDV causing hyperglycemia due to destruction of insulin producing cells (beta cells of pancreas) (Ghanem and Abdel-Hamid 2010 ; Mousa and Galal 2013 ; Salim et al. 2019 ). The higher levels of T3, T4 levels and reduced levels of TSH suggest the hyperthyroidism due to the damage of thyroid gland leading to the release of the stored hormones due to damaged follicular cells of thyroid rather than altering the negative feedback regulation.…”

Evaluation of iron, iron binding capacity, transferrin, some oxidative stress markers and hematological parameters in foot and mouth disease in cattle

“…Therefore, serum creatinine levels increase (Sezer and Gokce, 2021). In foot and mouth disease, serum creatinine level increases depending on the damage to soft tissues such as the liver, heart, and kidney (Salim et al, 2019). In this study, serum creatinine levels were found to be higher compared to the control group because kidney damage may have been formed in the animals infected with foot and mouth disease.…”

“…In this study, it was determined that the blood glucose level decreased in the patient group compared to the control group. In foot and mouth disease, soft tissue damage develops especially in vital organs such as the liver and heart (Salim et al, 2019). Due to the damage to the liver, glucose metabolism is impaired, and the level of glycogen stores decreases.…”

The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia

“…The disease rate increased significantly in 2016 in comparison to 2015 (94). In 2019, from outbreaks in the Nineveh province of Iraq, molecular characterization and prevalence rates were determined, and 46.95% and 40.43% were the prevalence rates of FMD, using ELISA and RT-PCR technology (95). In Mosul city of Iraq, seroprevalence among calves was reported to be 48.64% (96).…”

“…In 2019, from outbreaks in the Nineveh province of Iraq, molecular characterization and prevalence rates were determined, and 46.95% and 40.43% were the prevalence rates of FMD, using ELISA and RT-PCR technology (95). In Mosul city of Iraq, seroprevalence among calves was reported to be 48.64% (96). FMD results in tremendous financial damage to livestock owners on an annual basis as a part of the endemicity discussed previously in the respective section.…”