Prevalence and risk factors of syndrome Z in urban Indians

Sharma, Surendra Kumar; Reddy, E. Vishnuvardhan; Sharma, Abhishek; Kadhiravan, Tamilarasu; Mishra, Hridesh; Sreenivas, Vishnubhatla; Mishra, Hemant Kumar; Ramakrishnan, Lakshmy

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.008

Cited by 47 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…These values are higher than those seen in previous studies1213. This is probably due to the fact that these were community-based studies and participants had a lower BMI compared to the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea

Agrawal¹,

Sharma²,

Sreenivas³

2011

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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Background & objectives:Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is known to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS). The burden of MS in patients with OSA in India is unknown. We investigated the prevalence of MS and its components in a cross-sectional study in patients with and without OSA in a hospital-based population of a tertiary health care centre in New Delhi, India.Methods:Consecutive patients undergoing overnight polysomnography in the Sleep Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) hospital, New Delhi, were studied. Anthropometry and body composition analysis, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood lipid profile were measured. MS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment panel III criteria, with Asian cut-off values for abdominal obesity.Results:Of the 272 subjects recruited, 187 (82%) had OSA [apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)>5 events/h] while 40 (18%) had a normal sleep study. Prevalence of MS in OSA patients was 79 per cent compared to 48 per cent in non-OSA individuals [OR 4.15, (2.05-8.56), P<0.001]. Prevalence of OSA in mild, moderate and severe OSA was 66, 72 and 86 per cent, respectively (P<0.001). Patients with OSA were more likely to have higher BP [OR: 1.06 (1.02-1.11)], fasting insulin [OR: 1.18 (1.05-1.32)], HOMA-IR [OR: 1.61 (1.11-2.33)] and waist circumference [OR: 1.20 (1.13-1.27)].Interpretation & conclusions:Our findings suggest that OSA is associated with a 4-fold higher occurrence of MS than patients without OSA. The prevalence of MS increases with increasing severity of OSA, therefore, early detection will be beneficial.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…In a Chinese study12 it was 58 and 21 per cent, respectively. A north Indian population-based study13 found the prevalence to be 77 and 40 per cent, respectively. OSA and MS are believed to act synergistically to increase cardiovascular risk and the co-occurrence of these conditions has been termed syndrome Z14.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea

Agrawal¹,

Sharma²,

Sreenivas³

2011

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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“…Despite within the aforementioned range, Agrawal et al 16 pointed out some methodological issues which could explain the different prevalences found in other studies. The lower prevalences described by Sharma et al 15 (77 versus 40%) and Lam et al 13 (58 versus 21%) can be explained by the fact that these were community-based studies, emphasizing the referral bias, and participants had a lower BMI compared to this study16.…”

contrasting

confidence: 48%

“…Some studies have already showed that OSA is associated with metabolic abnormalities even in non obese patients9, however, others have shown that obese OSA patients may have an increased rate of MS and more pronounced metabolic dysfunction1011. Prevalence of MS in OSA patients is high, varying approximately between 60 and 90 per cent12–15. However, this prevalence differs according to MS diagnostic criteria applied and type of the populations studied concerning demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, tertiary and primary care health services) and OSA features, such as severity, determined by apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and desaturation index (DI).…”

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confidence: 99%

Relationship between metabolic syndrome & obstructive sleep apnoea in a hospital-based urban population

Mota

2011

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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“…There is paucity of information on the exact prevalence of syndrome Z in the Indian subcontinent community and the factors associated with it. 3 Although, in India a community based survey had reported the prevalence of OSA as 9.3% and that of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as 2.8%. 4 These figures are similar to those reported in the western population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving beyond the metabolic syndrome: syndrome Z in Indian subcontinent: a case report and review of literature

et al. 2017

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<p>Conventionally the combination of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) has been described as syndrome Z. With the dawn of modern era while there has been a rapid upsurge in the incidence of syndrome Z there has also been a paradigm shift in its topographical distribution. Syndrome Z earlier a disease predominantly of the developed world is now rapidly acquiring the magnitude of an epidemic in the developing nations as well. Coexisting OSA and metabolic syndrome also have a synergistic impact in increasing the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Hence, we present here a case report of syndrome Z and review of literature from the Indian subcontinent to essentially prime the physicians regarding this syndrome with significant social and economic impact, so that early health measures can be initiated to identify and treat the syndrome Z epidemic.</p>

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Prevalence and risk factors of syndrome Z in urban Indians

Cited by 47 publications

References 33 publications

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a north Indian hospital-based population with obstructive sleep apnoea

Relationship between metabolic syndrome & obstructive sleep apnoea in a hospital-based urban population

Moving beyond the metabolic syndrome: syndrome Z in Indian subcontinent: a case report and review of literature

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