Prevalence and Risk of Injury in Europe by Driving with Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Medicines

Bernhoft, Inger Marie; Hels, Tove; Lyckegaard, Allan; Houwing, Sjoerd; Verstraete, Alain G.

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1259

Cited by 49 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Drug use was not tested, but based on what was reported, 4% of the bicyclists in The Hague and 10.5% in Groningen had used other drugs, almost all of these had used drugs in combination with alcohol. Combining drugs and alcohol has been found to have a larger effect on cognitive performance and driving performance than alcohol alone (e.g., Veldstra et al, 2012) resulting in higher accident risks (Hels et al, 2011of Bernhoft et al, 2012. It may be that combining certain drugs with alcohol have a different effect than alcohol alone on bicycling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bicycling under the influence of alcohol

Waard

Houwing

Lewis-Evans

et al. 2016

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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Objective: According to international data estimates the proportion bicyclists with a positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) who are involved in accidents ranges from 15 to 57%. This large variance, and the fact that the reliance on accident statistics means that only the BAC of injured bicyclists is being collected, shows that we do not really know what the average and variation in BAC of bicyclists is, particularly on nights out.Method: On a total of four nights between 5 PM and 8 AM BAC levels of bicyclists were collected with a Breathalyser (N=687). Samples were collected in two Dutch cities, one with a high (Groningen), and one with a modest, student population (The Hague). Results:The results showed that the percentage of bicyclists who had alcohol in their blood rose over the night from 7.7% at 6 PM to over 89% after 1 AM. Furthermore, the percentage of bicyclists with an illegal BAC above 0.5 g/l rose from zero percent at 6 PM to 68% at 1 AM. The average BAC of bicyclists with a BAC above zero was 0.79 g/l. Differences between the two cities were limited. Conclusion:Cycling with illegal levels of blood alcohol turns out to be very common on nights out in the Netherlands.3 Highlights -Breath samples of 687 bicyclists were taken between 5 PM and 8 AM across four nights -Overall 62% had a BAC above zero, 41.6% had a BAC above the legal limit (0.5 g/l) -The average BAC of bicyclists who tested positive on alcohol was 0.79 g/l -On nights out after 1 AM 89% of the bicyclists had a BAC above zero, 68% had a BAC > 0.5 g/l -BAC levels increased over the night 4

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bicycling under the influence of alcohol

Waard

Houwing

Lewis-Evans

et al. 2016

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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“…The possibility that drivers of different racial/ethnic group membership show different patterns of drugged driving suggests the possibility of bias if those patterns are left unaccounted. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown the contribution of drugs other than alcohol to crash risk to be much smaller than that by alcohol (Bernhoft, 2011; Hargutt, Krüger, & Knoche, 2011; Hels et al, 2011; Romano & Pollini, 2013; Romano & Voas, 2011; Romano, Voas , Torres-Saavedra, & Lacey, 2013, in press), therefore reducing the potential bias that failing to account for drugs other than alcohol may have on alcohol-related risk estimates. Finally, our study implicitly assumes that all drivers follow similar time-based patterns of drinking as well as of drinking and driving, regardless of their racial and ethnic membership.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative risk of involvement in fatal crashes as a function of race/ethnicity and blood alcohol concentration

Torres

Romano

Voas

et al. 2014

Journal of Safety Research

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Introduction The literature presents a puzzling picture of Latinos being overrepresented in alcohol-related crashes, but not in noncrash drinking and driving. This report examines if, like other demographic variables in which some groups are at a higher crash risk than others (e.g., young drivers), different racial/ethnic groups face different crash risks Method This study compares blood-alcohol information from the 2006–2007 U.S. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) with control data from the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey. Logistic regression, including a dual interaction between BAC and race/ethnicity, was used to estimate crash risk at different BAC levels. Results It was found that, although Hispanic and African-American drivers were less likely to be involved in single-vehicle crashes than their White counterparts, all drivers face similar BAC relative crash risk regardless of their group membership. The overrepresentation of Latino drivers in alcohol-related crashes could be explained by differences in patterns of consumption, driving exposure, lack of awareness of driving rules, and/or socioeconomics.

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“…Five case-control studies that collected blood from cases and oral fluid from controls had used cut-off concentrations that were defined as equivalent in oral fluid and blood (13,14,(17)(18)(19). When using equivalent cut-off concentrations, the prevalence of positive drug test results is expected to be the same regardless of whether oral fluid or blood is analysed (20,21).…”

Section: Defining and Measuring Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%