Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity ofYersinia enterocoliticaisolated from retail frozen foods in China

Abstract

In this study, our aim was to estimate the extent of Yersinia enterocolitica contamination in frozen foods in China and determine the bioserotype, virulotype, antimicrobial resistance, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) genotyping profiles of recovered Y. enterocolitica isolates. Out of 455 samples collected between July 2011 and May 2014, 56 (12.3%) tested positive for Y. enterocolitica. The 70 isolated strains were grouped into five clusters and one singleton based on their ERIC-PCR fingerprint, at a similarity coefficient of 70%. All strains were of biotype 1A, and 35.7% were of bioserotype 1A/O:8. Most strains lacked the virulence genes ail, virF, ystA, and ystC, but harbored ystB, fepD, ymoA, fes and sat. All strains were sensitive to ticarcillin but resistant to two or more antibiotics, and 48.6% of the strains were resistant to four to nine antibiotics. High resistance rates were observed for ampicillin, cephalothin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol (98.6%, 95.7%, 74.3%, 28.6%, 18.6% and 12.9%, respectively). This study provides a systematic surveillance of Y. enterocolitica prevalence in frozen foods in China and indicates its high antibiotic resistance, which could serve as useful information for the government to control Y. enterocolitica contamination in frozen foods and the use of antibiotics.

A comprehensive review on the prevalence, pathogenesis and detection ofYersinia enterocolitica

“…Some studies have revealed that it can also survive and reproduce in vacuum packaging and refrigerated foods. [12][13][14][15] Food-based Yersiniosis epidemics are linked with multiple food items, including dairy, 13 meat, 16,17 poultry, fruits, vegetables, stewed and fermented products and also seafoods, 18,19 as given in Fig. 2.…”

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Epidemiology of Antibiotic-resistant Yersinia Species in Food and Clinical Specimens in Iran

“…1,9 Regarding aminoglycosides, gentamicin, and streptomycin, low levels of resistance have been reported among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in Iran, which is in accordance with reports from Italy (0%), China (4.3% to gentamicin and 8.6% to streptomycin), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to gentamicin and 4.8% to streptomycin), and Korea (0%). [25][26][27][28][29][30] The prevalence of resistance to other antibiotics used for the treatment of human yersiniosis (i.e., trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was higher (17.1%) than those reported from Italy (0%) 25 and Malaysia, 31 but lower than that of China (74.3%). 26…”

“…[25][26][27][28][29][30] The prevalence of resistance to other antibiotics used for the treatment of human yersiniosis (i.e., trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was higher (17.1%) than those reported from Italy (0%) 25 and Malaysia, 31 but lower than that of China (74.3%). 26…”

“…Reported resistance prevalence of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from food products against quinolones, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, and tetracycline in different countries is as follows: Italy (0%), China (1.4% to ciprofloxacin, 18.6% to nalidixic acid, and 8.6% to tetracycline), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to ciprofloxacin, 4.8% to nalidixic acid, and 4.8% to tetracycline), Korea (0%), and Malaysia (62.5% to nalidixic acid and tetracycline). [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Reports have proven the resistance of Y. enterocolitica to first-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin. 1 Similarly, the resistance of Y. enterocolitica to β-lactams including amoxicillin (45.9%), ampicillin (50.3%), and cephalothin (83.3%) was high in Iran.…”

“…25 Similar results in accordance with our meta-analysis were observed for Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from food products in Italy (100% to ampicillin and cephalothin), China (98.6% to ampicillin and 95.7% to cephalothin), Germany (83.3% to amoxicillin, 50% to ampicillin, and 83.3% to cephalothin), Turkey (57.1% to amoxicillin, 64.3% to ampicillin, and 86.9% to cephalothin), Korea (94% to ampicillin and 100% to cephalothin) and Malaysia (92.6% to amoxicillin and 96.3% to ampicillin). 25,26,[28][29][30][31] Gentamicin in combination with either fluoroquinolones or thirdgeneration cephalosporins was recommended in lifethreatening Y. enterocolitica infections, such as sepsis and meningitis. 1,9 Regarding aminoglycosides, gentamicin, and streptomycin, low levels of resistance have been reported among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in Iran, which is in accordance with reports from Italy (0%), China (4.3% to gentamicin and 8.6% to streptomycin), Austria (0%), Germany (0%), Turkey (0% to gentamicin and 4.8% to streptomycin), and Korea (0%).…”