Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Diabetes Mellitus—A Population Based Study in Shanghai, China

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes in Shanghai, China. A sample of 3600 residents aged from 18 to 80 years selected by a randomized stratified multiple-stage sampling method in Shanghai was investigated, with blood samples collected. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or previous diagnosis by a physician. Adequate control of diabetes was taken as a level of HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) among people with treated diabetes. Multivariable regression analysis was used to explore associated factors for diabetes and prediabetes. In the 3136 participants suitable for analysis, the prevalences of diabetes, prediabetes, and previously diagnosed diabetes were 15.91%, 37.37%, and 4.46%, respectively. Among those with diabetes, only 28.06% were aware of their condition, 25.85% were currently undergoing medication treatment, and 12.42% achieved glycaemic control. Logistic regression showed that old age, preobesity, obesity, elevated triglyceride (TG), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and lower education level were associated with an increased risk of diabetes; old age, obesity, elevated TG, and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were associated with an increased risk of prediabetes, while male sex and rural residence were associated with a decreased risk of prediabetes. In summary, the state of diabetes in China is alarming; the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were relatively low. More efforts should be made to promote the prevention and control of diabetes in china.

Evaluation of the implementation and effect of the healthcare cloud information platform for diabetes self‐management: A case study in Shanghai

“…Among the diabetes patients who use the healthcare cloud information platform for self‐management, the control rate of diabetes was maintained at 63% to 72%. The control rate in recent years was also higher than that at the initial use of the model, and much higher than the rate of 48.06% before the model was used. This control rate is higher than in low‐income countries, such as India (39.6%), and close to that in high‐income countries, such as Portugal (63.2%) .…”

Cardiovascular surgery experience does not significantly improve patients' response to stroke

“…Studies have demonstrated poor control of cardiovascular risk factors and low adherence to stroke secondary prevention efforts in China (Gao et al, 2013;Lu et al, 2017;Pan et al, 2016;Peng et al, 2014;Qin et al, 2016). Even for patients with a history of cardiovascular surgeries, therapy compliance was still unimproved (Halle et al, 2018).We assume that they may be unaware of, and underestimate the importance of, controlling risk factors to reduce stroke incidence (O'Donnell et al, 2016;Soroush et al, 2017).…”

“…However, we should note that in clinical practice in China, only 21.5%-25% of stroke patients arrived at hospital within 3 hr, and the overall rate of using an ambulance was 15.4%-23.1% (Jiang TA B L E 3 Stroke recognition rate (SRR) and correct action rate (CAR) in individuals with and without CVD among the surgery group intervention, patients were still at a high risk for stroke due to their markedly high risk factors and poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (Lu et al, 2017;Pan et al, 2016;Qin et al, 2016). Nearly three-fourths of patients stated that they would call an ambulance for stroke onset in the questionnaire survey.…”

“…TA B L E 3 Stroke recognition rate (SRR) and correct action rate (CAR) in individuals with and without CVD among the surgery group intervention, patients were still at a high risk for stroke due to their markedly high risk factors and poor control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (Lu et al, 2017;Pan et al, 2016;Qin et al, 2016).…”

Peer Review #1 of "The modern spectrum of biopsy-proven renal disease in Chinese diabetic patients—a retrospective descriptive study (v0.1)"

“…However, there is no national registration system of DM in China, and the awareness rate of diabetes is extremely lower in China than that in western countries (Li et al, 2013;Qin et al, 2016). Thus, the self-reported disease duration in Chinese diabetic patients might be inaccurate, which cannot be an useful predictor for distinguishing DN from NDRD.…”