Prevalence, incidence and chronicity of child abuse among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: What is the impact of care environment?

Ayaya, Samuel; DeLong, Allison; Embleton, Lonnie; Ayuku, David; Sang, Edwin; Hogan, Joseph W.; Kamanda, Allan; Atwoli, Lukoye; Makori, Dominic; Ott, Mary A.; Ombok, Caroline; Braitstein, Paula

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104920

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“… 5 Our data suggest that, when compared directly with orphaned and separated youths in family-based settings, the differences between care environments were minimal, and living in an institutional setting may be associated with some protective benefits. 23 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 42 Our data are consistent with the findings of another study, which reported that the quality of care within care environments was more important to a child’s well-being than differences between care environment types. 25 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Association of Care Environment With HIV Incidence and Death Among Orphaned, Separated, and Street-Connected Children and Adolescents in Western Kenya

et al. 2021

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Key Points Question What is the association of care environment with incident HIV and death among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya? Findings In this cohort study of 2551 orphaned, separated, and street-connected youths in western Kenya, living in an institutional environment was not associated with either death or incident HIV compared with living in a family-based setting. However, living in a street setting was associated with a higher rate of incident HIV and death compared with living in a family-based setting. Meaning This study’s findings suggest that alternatives for orphaned, separated, and street-connected youths in low-income regions are needed when designing public policies for the care of vulnerable children, including deinstitutionalization, to ensure that the rights and well-being of children and adolescents are upheld.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Association of Care Environment With HIV Incidence and Death Among Orphaned, Separated, and Street-Connected Children and Adolescents in Western Kenya

et al. 2021

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“…Overall, considering factors pertaining to the separation of children from their families in sub-Saharan Africa is important because such children are subsequently disproportionately vulnerable to experiencing physical and/or sexual abuse compared, with nonseparated children (Ayaya et al, 2021;Kidman & Palermo, 2016;Walakira et al, 2017). This is within the geographical region among those that children, and particularly adolescent girls experience the highest rates of physical and sexual abuse globally (Selengia, 2020;World Health Organisation, 2020).…”

Section: Exploitation and Misappropriationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Uganda, the growth of orphanages, or childcare institutions (CCIs) has been exponential in recent years, but most are unlicensed, raising concerns about child protection accountability (Mutenyo et al, 2020). The perpetuation of this approach has been problematised as harmful to the children on an individual level in terms of health and development (Ayaya et al, 2021;Berens & Nelson, 2015;Nelson, 2007;Nsabimana, 2016;Smyke et al, 2007;van IJzendoorn et al, 2020;Zeanah et al, 2005), and as detrimental to long term, sustainable, child protection efforts, underpinned by the 1989 United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and indigenous response initiatives (Cheney & Rotabi, 2015;De Wet, 2016;Mutenyo et al, 2020;Riley, 2012;Vogt et al, 2016). The UNCRC (1989) was ratified in Uganda in 1990, andon paper -underpins national child protection policies and frameworks established by the Ugandan Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (MoGLSD), such as The National Orphan and Vulnerable Children Policy ([NOP] MoGLSD, 2011) and the National Alternative Care Framework ([NACF] MoGLSD, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies have correlated institutional care with impaired cognitive development, physical growth, social, emotional, and psychosocial health deficits (Mutenyo et al, 2020;Nelson, 2007;Nsabimana, 2016;Smyke et al, 2007;van IJzendoorn et al, 2020;Zeanah et al, 2005). Moreover, a 2017 systematic review of nine studies (four covering sub-Saharan African countries) conducted between 2011 and 2015, concluded that abuse was pervasive in institutional care (Ayaya et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can I tell you, my story? A critical hermeneutic inquiry into the life narratives of Ugandan children living within an orphanage in Kampala

Bunyan

2021

IJRBS

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The detrimental impact of childcare institutions (CCIs), or orphanages, is well known. Despite deinstitutionalisation strategies in Uganda, CCIs remain the predominant intervention method employed by Western actors responding to the needs of children there. Reforming this approach requires contextualised critical understandings of the children’s experiences and perspectives of their institutionalisation, to reduce the misidentification and misappropriation of children as orphans. Therefore, operationalising the theoretical lens of Bourdieu within critical hermeneutic analyses, this article draws upon the narratives of 30 children living within an orphanage in Kampala, to enhance critical understandings of their experiences, perspectives, and behaviours throughout transition from home to an orphanage, via the streets of Kampala, illuminating how and why they come to be living there. Guided by Ricœur’s critical hermeneutic approach, the study found that poverty drives children to the streets in search of economic opportunity and organisations perceived to offer access to basic services of which they are deprived, such as education. Education, as a form of cultural capital, is understood amongst participants as ensuring an elevated position within society, or a means of overcoming poverty. Within this transition from home to the orphanage, whilst on the streets, socially acquired dispositions and harmful stereotypes contribute to the manifestation of the ‘street kid’ construct, for which the children are marginalised, and experience physical and sexual abuse. Girls are most at risk, whereby gender inequality contributes to their exploitation and the normalisation of rape. However, for the children entry into a CCI from the streets means relinquishing agency and social capital that is integral to them, often.

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“…Secondly, because in addition to undermining the efforts of families to provide for their children, by attracting children towards the streets in search of NGOs by which to access education or other fee-based services, children are exposed to the increased deprivation and adversity well known to characterise life in street settings. For example, within sub-Saharan Africa, this includes; dramatically increased physical and sexual abuse and violence, exploitation, a lack of access to basic necessities, including health care, lack of access to education, and increased exposure to virus and disease (Ayaya et al, 2021;Beyene & Berhane, 2017;Chimdessa & Cheire, 2018;Cumber & Tsoka-Gwegweni, 2015;Mandalazi et al, 2013;Walakira et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Mzungu phenomenon a help or hinderance?

Bunyan

2021

IJRBS

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The deprivation, adversity, and lack of protection for children on the streets of urban Uganda are well known; as is the reality that most of their support is facilitated by Western Missionary operated, non-government organisations (NGOs). However, their approach is problematised as ineffective, oppressive, and colonial. Yet there is a dearth of research from the children’s perspectives, capturing the meaning of such actors’ interventions within their lifeworld’s, and no such literature within the Ugandan context. Therefore, this case study focuses on the ‘Mzungu Phenomenon’, a theme unearthed from critical hermeneutic analyses of the life stories of 30 former street children within an orphanage in Kampala, Uganda. The Mzungu phenomenon refers to the meaning and influence of the Western Missionaries and volunteers that feature within the children’s experiences, captured within their narratives. Underpinned by Ricœur’s narrative philosophy, this study illuminates and problematises the way in which Western NGO actors feature within the children’s lifeworld’s, and the wider ramifications from postcolonial, and postcolonial feminist theoretical perspectives. This includes the perpetuation of colonial legacies, ideologies, and praxis, that contribute to disempowerment for children, their families, and their communities, and the dual oppression of women. Therefore, this piece argues that despite a need to enhance child protection measures in Uganda, the current approaches that do not align with national and international rights-based policies must be further critically examined, challenged, and reformed, to ensure the wellbeing of the children.

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Prevalence, incidence and chronicity of child abuse among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: What is the impact of care environment?

Cited by 22 publications

References 60 publications

Association of Care Environment With HIV Incidence and Death Among Orphaned, Separated, and Street-Connected Children and Adolescents in Western Kenya

Association of Care Environment With HIV Incidence and Death Among Orphaned, Separated, and Street-Connected Children and Adolescents in Western Kenya

Can I tell you, my story? A critical hermeneutic inquiry into the life narratives of Ugandan children living within an orphanage in Kampala

Is the Mzungu phenomenon a help or hinderance?

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