Prevalence, molecular typing and risk factor analysis for Giardia duodenalis infections in dogs in a central London rescue shelter

Upjohn, Melissa M.; Cobb, Charlotte; Monger, Joanne; Geurden, Thomas; Claerebout, Edwin; M, Fox

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.010

Cited by 70 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In a recent study performed with 878 shelter dogs (Upjohn et al, 2010), the apparent prevalence of Giardia was 9.9% and the true prevalence, based on the known sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test, was 21.0%, which is in the same range as found in previous studies. Since stress has an effect on the function and the immunological reactions in the gut, it is not surprising that high Giardia prevalences were identified among animals housed in stressful situations such as dog rescue shelters (Upjohn et al, 2010) or kennels (Scaramozzino et al, 2009). In addition, fecal samples that were graded concerning their consistency, confirmed previous results, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In the past, antiprotozoic treatment of Giardia in dogs and cats, ill or asymptomatic, has been strongly recommended because of the possible zoonotic risk (Thompson, 2004). The prevalence of zoonotic assemblages in dogs was recently shown to be subjected to high variations, depending on the analyzed countries and dog populations (Leonhard et al, 2007;Upjohn et al, 2010) and it was therefore suggested to not draw conclusions from one geographical region to another in terms of the prevalence or assemblage composition of Giardia infections in dogs (Covacin et al, 2011). In any case, the awareness about this potential zoonotic risk was recommended to be maintained for all people involved (Upjohn et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diarrhea is common in both animal species, with many possible causes: non-infectious (stress, disturbances in water balance, nutritional and immune status, malnutrition, neoplasia, inflammatory disease) and infectious (bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections) causes, but also any combination of the above (Payne and Artzer, 2009). Since stress has an effect on the function and the immunological reactions in the gut, it is not surprising that high Giardia prevalences were identified among animals housed in stressful situations such as dog rescue shelters (Upjohn et al, 2010) or kennels (Scaramozzino et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Control of Giardia infections with ronidazole and intensive hygiene management in a dog kennel

Fiechter

Deplazes

Schnyder

2012

Veterinary Parasitology

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Infections with the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia in dogs and cats are common. Clinical signs vary from asymptomatic to small bowel diarrhea and associated discomfort. The control of infections in dogs is frequently a frustrating issue for animal owners and veterinarians. Drugs with antiprotozoal activity such as fenbendazole and metronidazole are recommended, however, they do not show 100% efficacy and superinfections occur regularly. Ronidazole is currently the drug of choice for the treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats and there is now limited information available about its efficacy against Giardia spp. In the kennel investigated, dogs regularly showed loose feces and the presence of Giardia (assemblage C, renamed as G. canis) cysts. An elimination strategy of this parasite involving strict hygiene management and disinfection of the enclosures with 4-chlorine-M-cresol, oral treatment with ronidazole (30-50mg/kg BW bid for 7 days) and two shampooings (containing chlorhexidine) at the beginning and the end of the treatments was implemented for a group of 6 dogs. As a control another group of 7 dogs was transferred to the disinfected enclosures and shampooed, but left untreated. Dog feces were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts (SAF concentration technique) or Giardia antigen with a commercial ELISA (NOVITEC(®)) and a quick immunochromatography-based test (SensPERT(®)) before and between 5 and 40 days after the last treatment. All ronidazole-treated dogs were negative for Giardia cysts and antigen up to 26 days after the last treatment, while between 1 and 5 of the control animals tested positive in each of the test series. At this point, also dogs of the control group were again moved into clean enclosures, shampooed twice and treated with ronidazole. Five, 12 and 19 days after the last treatment, the dogs in the control group tested negative for Giardia cysts and antigen. However, all animals had again positive results at later time points in at least one of the three applied diagnostic techniques within 33-61 days after treatment. Furthermore, all dogs had episodes of diarrhea (for 1-4 days) within 14-31 days after treatment and unformed feces during the whole experiment. The positive effect of ronidazole against Giardia infections in dogs could be confirmed in this study. In particular, the combination of ronidazole treatment combined with the disinfection of the environment and shampooing of the dogs was highly effective in reducing Giardia cyst excretion and may therefore constitute an alternative control strategy for canine giardiosis. t r a c tInfections with the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia in dogs and cats are common. Clinical signs vary from asymptomatic to small bowel diarrhea and associated discomfort. The control of infections in dogs is frequently a frustrating issue for animal owners and veterinarians. Drugs with antiprotozoal activity such as fenbendazole and metronidazole are recommended, however, they do not show 100% efficacy and superinfections occur ...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Giardia infections with ronidazole and intensive hygiene management in a dog kennel

Fiechter

Deplazes

Schnyder

2012

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…Infection with G. duodenalis has been described in both household and kennelled dogs worldwide, with varying prevalence rates from 5% in privately owned dogs to up to 100% in kennelled animals [9][10][11][12][13]. In Italy, infection rates of kennelled and private dogs have been found to be 14%-74% and 4%-19%, respectively [14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine giardiosis in Sardinia Island, Italy: prevalence, molecular characterization, and risk factors

Pipia

Varcasia

Tamponi

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The flagellate protozoan Giardia duodenalis causes infection in humans and in various animals. Eight distinct assemblages (A-H) have been identified within G. duodenalis; assemblages A and B are those specific to humans and animals, and assemblages C to H are restricted to animal hosts. Methodology: The present study estimated the prevalence of G. duodenalis assemblages in dogs living in the Sardinia region and evaluated the related risk factors. Individual fecal samples were collected from 655 dogs between January 2007 and December 2010, and a form was filled out for each animal to analyze historic data that were available at the time of sampling. Fecal samples were subjected to microscopic and genetic investigations. Results: Cysts of G. duodenalis were found in 172 (26.3%) samples, with significant values in puppies between three and nine months of age, and in kennelled and hunting dogs. The molecular characterization showed the presence of assemblages D (49%), C (36.1%), and subtype A2 (4.2%). Conclusion: The present survey contributes to the knowledge of the occurrence of canine giardiosis in Italy in a region with a high number of dogs and numerous animal movements, which is especially relevant for touristic reasons.

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“…Upjohn et al (2010) tampoco hallaron asociación entre la consistencia fecal y la infección por Giardia sp, indicando que habría igualdad de oportunidades de hallar el parásito en heces pastosas como en heces formadas. No obstante, existen estudios que señalan una mayor frecuencia de encontrar Giardia sp en heces pastosas, blandas y diarreicas (Zárate et al, 2003;Sotelo et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Giardiasis en Perros Menores de Tres Años que Acuden a los Parques Públicos del Distrito de Santiago de Surco en Lima Metropolitana

Huamancayo

Chávez

2015

Rev. investig. vet. Perú

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El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la frecuencia de infección con Giardia sp en caninos menores de tres años que acuden a los parques públicos del distrito de Santiago de Surco de Lima Metropolitana y determinar la concordancia entre tres técnicas de diagnóstico. Se recolectaron muestras fecales de 140 caninos aparentemente sanos, menores de tres años de edad, que acudían a los parques públicos acompañados de sus propietarios. Para el diagnóstico de las muestras, se utilizaron las técnicas de inmunoensayo de cromatografía (IEC), la técnica de Faust (TF) y la técnica de sedimentación espontánea (TSE). Se encontraron frecuencias de infección con Giardia sp de 25.0, 17.9 y 12.1% con estas técnicas, respectivamente. El análisis de asociación entre la frecuencia de infección y las variables predictoras (sexo, grupo etario, estado de las heces o frecuencia de visitas por día a los parques) en un modelo de regresión logística no demostraron significancia estadística. Los índices de concordancia de Kappa entre las pruebas diagnósticas fueron 0.78 (IEC vs TF), 0.58 (IEC vs TSE) y 0.77 (TF vs TSE) (p<0.05). Los resultados indican un moderado nivel de infección con Giardia sp evidenciando un potencial riesgo zoonótico para la población humana. Adicionalmente, tanto la IEC como TF demostraron un nivel de concordancia substancial.

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Prevalence, molecular typing and risk factor analysis for Giardia duodenalis infections in dogs in a central London rescue shelter

Cited by 70 publications

References 23 publications

Control of Giardia infections with ronidazole and intensive hygiene management in a dog kennel

Control of Giardia infections with ronidazole and intensive hygiene management in a dog kennel

Canine giardiosis in Sardinia Island, Italy: prevalence, molecular characterization, and risk factors

Giardiasis en Perros Menores de Tres Años que Acuden a los Parques Públicos del Distrito de Santiago de Surco en Lima Metropolitana

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