Prevalence of Acanthamoeba spp. and other free-living amoebae in household water, Ohio, USA—1990–1992

Stockman, Lauren J.; Wright, Carolyn J.; Visvesvara, Govinda S.; Fields, Barry S.; Beach, Michael J.

doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2120-7

Cited by 81 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In this study, STs of isolates from hot springs, which had higher genetic diversity, were significantly different from those from cooling towers and potable water systems. These results might be due to host amoebae, which adapt to and inhabit different environments (24,25). It has been reported that the growth of L. pneumophila in host amoebae depends on the bacterial genetic background (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Sequence-Based Types of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains Isolated from Cooling Towers, Hot Springs, and Potable Water Systems in China

Qin

Zhou

Ren

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bLegionella pneumophila serogroup 1 causes Legionnaires' disease. Water systems contaminated with Legionella are the implicated sources of Legionnaires' disease. This study analyzed L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains in China using sequence-based typing. Strains were isolated from cooling towers (n ‫؍‬ 96), hot springs (n ‫؍‬ 42), and potable water systems (n ‫؍‬ 26). Isolates from cooling towers, hot springs, and potable water systems were divided into 25 sequence types (STs; index of discrimination [IOD], 0.711), 19 STs (IOD, 0.934), and 3 STs (IOD, 0.151), respectively. The genetic variation among the potable water isolates was lower than that among cooling tower and hot spring isolates. ST1 was the predominant type, accounting for 49.4% of analyzed strains (n ‫؍‬ 81), followed by ST154. With the exception of two strains, all potable water isolates (92.3%) belonged to ST1. In contrast, 53.1% (51/96) and only 14.3% (6/42) of cooling tower and hot spring, respectively, isolates belonged to ST1. There were differences in the distributions of clone groups among the water sources. The comparisons among L. pneumophila strains isolated in China, Japan, and South Korea revealed that similar clones (ST1 complex and ST154 complex) exist in these countries. In conclusion, in China, STs had several unique allelic profiles, and ST1 was the most prevalent sequence type of environmental L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates, similar to its prevalence in Japan and South Korea. Bacteria of the genus Legionella, widely present in water, contribute to human diseases. To date, more than 50 Legionella species have been characterized, and 25 species are known to cause human disease (1, 2). Legionella was first reported as a pathogen following a pneumonia outbreak in 1976 (3). Since then, several community-, hospital-, and travel-associated Legionella outbreaks have been reported. The most severe form of pneumonia caused by Legionella is known as Legionnaires' disease; however, there is also a milder, flu-like form known as Pontiac fever (4). Legionella pneumophila is responsible for approximately 90% of human infections (5). L. pneumophila is divided into 15 serogroups, of which serogroup 1 is the most prevalent disease-causing variant. Few outbreaks by other Legionella species have been reported (5, 6). Transmission of bacteria from the environment to humans occurs via inhalation or aspiration of Legionella-containing aerosols (7,8). Cooling towers (9, 10), hot springs (11, 12), and potable water systems (13, 14) in large facilities, hotels, hospitals, and public baths that are contaminated with Legionella are the implicated sources of outbreaks and sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease.The water systems of several countries are highly contaminated with Legionella. In our previous study that compared the efficacy of different Legionella detection methods, we isolated Legionella at rates of 26.39%, 54.44%, and 18.94% from cooling towers, hot springs, and piped water systems, respectively, with Legionella concentrations of Ͼ1,000 C...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Sequence-Based Types of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains Isolated from Cooling Towers, Hot Springs, and Potable Water Systems in China

Qin

Zhou

Ren

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In our results, STs and MAb types of isolates from bathwater both differed from and were more varied than those of cooling tower water. These features might be related to the kind of host amoebae, which adapt to and inhabit various environments (20,23). It has been shown that the growth of L. pneumophila in some species of host amoebae depends on bacterial genetic background (4,8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Monoclonal Antibody Subgroups and Sequence-Based Types among Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates Derived from Cooling Tower Water, Bathwater, and Soil in Japan

Amemura-Maekawa

Kikukawa

Helbig

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTLegionella pneumophilaserogroup (SG) 1 is the most frequent cause of legionellosis. This study analyzed environmental isolates ofL. pneumophilaSG 1 in Japan using monoclonal antibody (MAb) typing and sequence-based typing (SBT). Samples were analyzed from bathwater (BW;n= 50), cooling tower water (CT;n= 50), and soil (SO;n= 35). The distribution of MAb types varied by source, with the most prevalent types being Bellingham (42%), Oxford (72%), and OLDA (51%) in BW, CT, and SO, respectively. The ratios of MAb 3/1 positive isolates were 26, 2, and 14% from BW, CT, and SO, respectively. The environmental isolates from BW, CT, and SO were divided into 34 sequence types (STs; index of discrimination [IOD] = 0.973), 8 STs (IOD = 0.448), and 11 STs (IOD = 0.879), respectively. Genetic variation among CT isolates was smaller than seen in BW and SO. ST1 accounted for 74% of the CT isolates. The only common STs between (i) BW and CT, (ii) BW and SO, and (iii) CT and SO were ST1, ST129, and ST48, respectively, suggesting that each environment constitutes an independent habitat.

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“…On the other hand, similar result (88.9%) was obtained in Qalyubia governorate [23] . In other countries, a low detection rate (9.3%) was recoded in USA [25] , whereas variable rates were reported in several studies all over the world; 46.9% in Korea [26] , 23% in Nicaragua [27] , 22.79% in Brazil [28] , 29.4% and 22% in Turkey [29,30] . However, similar results were obtained on examination of household tap water samples in UK (89%) [31] and in Ohio, USA (79%) [25] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection rates of waterborne protozoa in water sources from Fayoum Governorate

Sakran

El-Shahawy

Shalaby

et al. 2017

Parasitologists United Journal

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Background: Waterborne protozoal infections are common health problems in many parts of the world especially in developing countries. Water is a major vehicle for transmission of protozoa such as G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. as well as pathogenic and opportunistic free living amoeba (FLA). Objective: This study aims to detect the presence of protozoal agents in tap water and storage water tanks at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Material and Methods: A total of ninety five water samples were collected from different water sources, taps (65) and tanks (30), from 6 Fayoum districts. The samples were processed to detect the presence of G. lamblia cysts by Lugol's iodine stain, Cryptosporidium oocysts by modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and FLA by cultivation. After cultivation, Acanthamoeba spp. were identified according to their morphological features and flagellation test was performed to detect amoeboflagellates. Results: All water samples collected from tanks (100%) were contaminated by protozoa of medical importance, while only 6 (9.2%) of the tap water samples were pathogen free. The majority of water samples were contaminated with mixed protozoal infections. The overall detection rates of contaminants in water sources were 86.3%, 52.6%, 13.7% by FLA, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia, respectively. Conclusions: The recorded detection rates of waterborne protozoa present a hazard to the community resulting in silent morbidities and mortalities. It is strongly recommended to adopt proper water safety measures.

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Prevalence of Acanthamoeba spp. and other free-living amoebae in household water, Ohio, USA—1990–1992

Cited by 81 publications

References 36 publications

Distribution of Sequence-Based Types of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains Isolated from Cooling Towers, Hot Springs, and Potable Water Systems in China

Distribution of Sequence-Based Types of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains Isolated from Cooling Towers, Hot Springs, and Potable Water Systems in China

Distribution of Monoclonal Antibody Subgroups and Sequence-Based Types among Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates Derived from Cooling Tower Water, Bathwater, and Soil in Japan

Detection rates of waterborne protozoa in water sources from Fayoum Governorate

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