Prevalence of AIV subtype H9 among poultry with respiratory signs in Iraq

Kraidi, Qayssar Ali; Langeroudi, Arash Ghalyanchi; Madadgar, Omid; Karimi, Vahid

doi:10.15547/bjvm.1022

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…From June to December 2008, the virus spread widely in poultry in Iraq where 100% (53/53) of broiler flocks in Najaf province with history of respiratory signs were positive for H9N2 RNA [62]. From November 2010 to June 2011, [60]. Also, in the same period in 2014-2015 the authors described the isolation of six H9N2 viruses from broiler flocks in five provinces situated in the Middle and Southern parts of Iraq [59].…”

Section: Iraqmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2004, H9N2 is endemic in poultry in Iraq vaccination is used intensively to control the disease [59, 60]. In 2004–2007, Iraq experienced many H9N2 outbreaks with mortality rates up to 70% in broilers and 10% in layers and breeders [61].…”

Section: History and Epidemiology Of Aiv H9n2 In Poultry In The Me Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From September 2014 to June 2015, H9N2 RNA was detected in 16 out of 100 broiler flocks showing respiratory signs from seven provinces in the middle and southern regions of Iraq. Wild birds were blamed for the introduction of the virus into Iraq [60]. Also, in the same period in 2014–2015 the authors described the isolation of six H9N2 viruses from broiler flocks in five provinces situated in the Middle and Southern parts of Iraq [59].…”

Section: History and Epidemiology Of Aiv H9n2 In Poultry In The Me Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

2017

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H9N2 is the most widespread avian influenza virus subtype in poultry worldwide. It infects a broad spectrum of host species including birds and mammals. Infections in poultry and humans vary from silent to fatal. Importantly, all AIV, which are fatal in humans (e.g. H5N1, H7N9) acquired their 'internal' gene segments from H9N2 viruses. Although H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East (ME) and North Africa since the late 1990s, little is known about its epidemiology and genetics on a regional level. In this review, we summarised the epidemiological situation of H9N2 in poultry and mammals in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The virus has been isolated from humans in Egypt and serosurveys indicated widespread infection particularly among poultry workers and pigs in some countries. Some isolates replicated well in experimentally inoculated dogs, mice, hamsters and ferrets. Insufficient protection of immunised poultry was frequently reported most likely due to concurrent viral or bacterial infections and antigenic drift of the field viruses from outdated vaccine strains. Genetic analysis indicated several distinct phylogroups including a panzootic genotype in the Asian and African parts of the ME, which may be useful for the development of vaccines. The extensive circulation of H9N2 for about 20 years in this region where the H5N1 virus is also endemic in some countries, poses a serious public health threat. Regional surveillance and control strategy are highly recommended.

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Section: Iraqmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: History and Epidemiology Of Aiv H9n2 In Poultry In The Me Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: History and Epidemiology Of Aiv H9n2 In Poultry In The Me Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

2017

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“…It happen due to a combination of improper feeding practices, ignorance of management needs, poor distribution of vaccines, presence of diseases, and bad weather condition ( Addis et al,2014;Islam et al, 2014) . High mortality rate is a common problem in most countries including Iraq (Anang et al, 2013;Food and Agriculture Organization, 2014;Sharif et al,2014;Akbay and Azeez, 2016;Kraidi et al,2016;Yemane et al,2016;Mbuza et al,2017;Osti et al, 2017). Poultry producers in Babylon province suffer from high mortality rate and thus ranked it as third most important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints facing poultry producers in Iraq

Kshash¹,

Oda²

2019

jae

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There is a decrease in poultry production in Iraq. The study was conducted in Babylon Province, Iraq; to identify constraints facing broiler producers. One hundred poultry producers were randomly selected. A list of 4 of constraints facing poultry producers: production, financial, marketing and institutional, covering 24 constraints was prepared. More than half of poultry producers indicated there was a high level of constraint facing them. Production, financial, and marketing constraints had high effect on producers. High cost of feed, competition from imported birds, price fluctuation, high cost of energy, inappropriate environmental conditions, continuous outage of electricity, high cost of drug and vaccines, high mortality rate, competition of birds from other province, lack of quality day old chicks from local hatcheries, lake of capital, poor extension service, production halls not utilized at full operating capacity, lack of quality feeds, and disease attack were the most severe constraints. Negative significant relationships exist between years of experience in poultry production, number of chicken sets/ year, training attendance and overall constraint score. There were differences between constraints severity depending on years of experience, number of chicken sets/ year, and training attendance. Challenges facing poultry producers can be addressed through active extension services. 91 MethodologyThe study was carried out in Babylon province, center-south of Iraq, which is located between 32° and 33.25° North latitude and 44°to 45° East longitude. There are 273 productive poultry projects in the province as at 2016, with the province coming second in term of number of broiler projects and third in terms of amount of meat produced (Central Statistical Organization Iraq, 2017). The population for this study consisted of 273 owners of poultry farms, 13 were chosen for testing reliability of the questionnaire, one hundred poultry farms were selected randomly from the remaining 260 to provide data from 1-15 July 2018.The instrument used was a 2-part questionnaire. The first part included the socio-economic characteristics: years of experience in poultry production, number of productive halls, number of chickens set/ year, number of chicken/set and training attendance. The second part listed 24 constraints faced by poultry producers grouped into the categories: production constraints (10), financial (7), marketing (4), and institutional (3).Content validity of the questionnaire was established by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension and poultry production. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument, a Cronbach's alpha (a reliability coefficient) of 0.93 was established, indicating the instrument used was reliable and valid. Constraints were measured on a 5-point continuum scale as very high constraint (VH) (4), high (H) (3), moderate (M) (2), less (L) (1) and not a constraint (NT) (0). In relation to their level of vulnerability, in all-over constraints, each re...

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“…Influenza virus subtype H9N2 is a LPAI virus and the most widespread avian influenza subtype in poultry DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.3 worldwide (Abdelwhab and Abdel-Moneim, 2015;Nagy et al, 2017). In Iraq, H9N2 is endemic since 2004 (Kraidi et al, 2016;Kraidi et al, 2017;Mohamed et al, 2018). This virus has also been reported to cause high mortality rates in broilers (70%) as well as in breeders and layers up to 10% (Khamas, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

Rasheed¹,

Al-Ajeeli²,

Alazawy³

2020

jwpr

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A local isolate of low pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) H9N2 subtype was used in experimental infection of 50 domestic and 50 feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica) to determine the susceptibility of these birds to H9N2 infections and to study its histopathological effects on vaccinated and unvaccinated pigeons with H9N2 commercial vaccine. The birds were divided into five groups. Groups A and C contained 20 feral pigeons, B and D contained 20 domesticated pigeons. Group E contained 10 feral and 10 domesticated pigeons that were used as unvaccinated controls. Groups A and B were vaccinated with H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus commercial vaccines. Group C and D were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine only. All groups except E were challenged with a local isolate of H9N2 serotype. Antibodies titers against AIV were estimated pre and post-vaccination using ELISA. The results indicated low antibody titers against AIV in all groups in pre-vaccination that ranged between 152.83 ± 42.01 and 337.00 ± 150.76 with no significant differences between groups. Post-vaccination antibody evaluation indicated high titers of anti-AIV antibodies in groups A and B (740.13 ± 214.38 and 673.00 ± 242.40, respectively) in comparison to pre-vaccination levels. Clinical signs appeared on 5 th day post-vaccination that included mild respiratory signs, digestive disorders, and conjunctivitis in some birds of all groups. Histopathological changes in affected tissues appeared as moderate to severe multifocal necrosis diffused in the parenchymal cells of lung tissues. Infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells was detected in some lung tissue areas. Necrotic foci and mononuclear cell infiltration were also observed in trachea and liver of infected pigeons but mild changes were observed in intestine. The challenge virus was re-isolated in embryonated hen's eggs of nine days old by inoculation in allantoic cavity using samples collected from tissues and cloaca of infected pigeons showing clear clinical signs. The re-isolated virus was detected by the haemagglutination test using chicken RBCs and identified by haemagglutination inhibition test using a locally prepared hyperimmune serum to H9N2 in rabbits. In conclusion, pigeons are susceptible to AIV (H9N2) that might facilitate the transmission of the virus to other bird species.

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Prevalence of AIV subtype H9 among poultry with respiratory signs in Iraq

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa

Constraints facing poultry producers in Iraq

Experimental Infection of Local Domestic and Feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with Local Isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and Histopathological Study.

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