Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in injured drivers: Comparison between Belgium and the Netherlands

Legrand, Sara‐Ann; Houwing, Sjoerd; Hagenzieker, Marjan; Verstraete, Alain G.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.006

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A study conducted in Canada found that marijuana and other drugs are now commonly detected in injured drivers [33]. Similar findings have been reported in other countries, including Australia [34,35], Belgium [36], and Spain [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Positive drug test trends in fatally-injured drivers in the United States from 2007 to 2017

Azagba

Latham

Shan

et al. 2019

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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Background: The last two decades have seen tremendous changes in the U.S. environment surrounding drugs. Driving under the influence of drugs is a growing public health hazard. The present study examined trends in drug involvement in fatally-injured drivers in the U.S. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2007-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Cochran-Armitage tests were performed to assess the statistical significance of changes in the yearly prevalence of positive drug tests in fatallyinjured drivers over time. In addition, analyses were stratified by sex, race, and age.Results: The yearly prevalence of positive drug tests in fatally-injured drivers increased significantly from 20.7% in 2007 to 30.7% in 2017, with results showing a higher prevalence among males, those aged 21-44, and Whites. The gap between Blacks and Whites narrowed in 2017. There was a decline in the yearly prevalence in all age groups between 2016 and 2017, although the decrease in the 21-44 age group was much smaller than other age groups. Among drivers who tested positive for drugs, 34.6% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) above the threshold of per se evidence for impaired driving, and 63% had a BAC below the threshold. Conclusions:Our results indicate that the overall yearly prevalence of fatally-injured drivers who tested positive for drugs increased significantly from 2007 to 2017, with similar results found for subgroups. Findings further highlight that drugged driving remains a public health priority, and more action is needed to stem this disturbing trend.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Positive drug test trends in fatally-injured drivers in the United States from 2007 to 2017

Azagba

Latham

Shan

et al. 2019

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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“…Alprazolam, under the label Xanax, Apotex, or Alprox, is commonly administered to anxious persons, above all to women, though it is not without adverse effects. Indeed, it is the second substance after alcohol which severely impacts driving quality [2]. Our study on ants revealed that it decreases food consumption, general activity, locomotion, precision of reaction, response to pheromones, audacity, brood caring, cognition, tactile perception, and middle term memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Physiological and ethological effects of an extract of four plants used as an anxiolytic: A study on ants as models.

Cammaerts¹

2016

Adv Biomed Pharma

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Working on ants as models, the most consumed anxiolytic, alprazolam, has been shown to have adverse effects. We presumed that plant extracts might be a safe alternative. A product made of an extract of Valeriana officinalis L., Humulus lupulus L., Passiflora incarnata L., and Ballota nigra L., easily available in any drugstore, was tested in the same way alprazolam had been. Contrary to alprazolam, this product did not significantly alter the ants" brood caring, cognition, behaviour in front of nestmates, tactile perception, learning and memory. It efficiently calmed the ants which often rested but not fully slept, avoided risky tasks and quietly reacted in a stressing situation. Adaptation occurred for the few adverse effects of this product (large sinuosity of movement, what had an effect on some behaviour).No habituation occurred as for its calming effect and it did not lead to dependence contrary to alprazolam. After its consumption ends, the calming effect of the plant extract slowly vanishes in 29 hours, step by step. In conclusion, this extract appears to be a safe product for reducing anxiousness and should be used preferentially to synthetized compounds which are known to have severe adverse effects.Keywords: aggressiveness, cognition, locomotion, memory, sleepiness. IntroductionThe most consumed potions in the world are antidepressants, anxiolytics, antibiotics and hormones. Drugs of the two first categories may impact patients" behaviour, nervous system functioning and general activity. Usingants as biological models, we examined the effects of antidepressants (e.g. Why using ants as biological models?Most biological processes are similar for all animals, including humans (i.e. genetics, metabolism, nervous cells functioning). Consequently, a lot of invertebrates and vertebrates are used as models for studying biological processes [3]. Invertebrates are more and more used due to their short life cycle, simple anatomy, and availability in large numbers [4]. Some species are largely used, for instance, the flatworm Dendrocelium lacteum, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the mollusk Aplysia californica, the beetle Tribolium castaneum, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the domestic bee Apis mellifera. Among invertebrates, insects, especially social hymenoptera and among them, bees, are advantageously used as models [5], but ants too can be used. Ants are among the most complex social invertebrates as for their morphology, physiology, social organization and behaviour. They are among the most morphologically evolved hymenoptera, having a unique resting position of their labium, mandibles and maxilla [6], as well as a lot of glands emitting numerous efficient pheromones [7]. Their societies are highly organized with a strong division of labor, an age-based polyethism and a social regulation [8]. Their behaviour is well developed: they care for their brood, build sophisticated nests, chemically mark the inside of their nest, their nest entrances, nest surroundings and foraging area ...

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“…The considerable point is that a significant number of drug users do not know that their driving can be impaired because of drugs 23, 24. Alcohol was considered as the most prevalent substance among drivers in some countries 25 . Also some medications like psychotropic agents and those with side effects in central nerve system can lead to different levels of impaired driving.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol consumption for simulated driving performance: A systematic review

Rezaee‐Zavareh

Salamati

Ramezani-Binabaj

et al. 2017

Chinese Journal of Traumatology

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PurposeAlcohol consumption can lead to risky driving and increase the frequency of traffic accidents, injuries and mortalities. The main purpose of our study was to compare simulated driving performance between two groups of drivers, one consumed alcohol and the other not consumed, using a systematic review.MethodsIn this systematic review, electronic resources and databases including Medline via Ovid SP, EMBASE via Ovid SP, PsycINFO via Ovid SP, PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) via EBSCOhost were comprehensively and systematically searched. The randomized controlled clinical trials that compared simulated driving performance between two groups of drivers, one consumed alcohol and the other not consumed, were included. Lane position standard deviation (LPSD), mean of lane position deviation (MLPD), speed, mean of speed deviation (MSD), standard deviation of speed deviation (SDSD), number of accidents (NA) and line crossing (LC) were considered as the main parameters evaluating outcomes. After title and abstract screening, the articles were enrolled for data extraction and they were evaluated for risk of biases.ResultsThirteen papers were included in our qualitative synthesis. All included papers were classified as high risk of biases. Alcohol consumption mostly deteriorated the following performance outcomes in descending order: SDSD, LPSD, speed, MLPD, LC and NA. Our systematic review had troublesome heterogeneity.ConclusionAlcohol consumption may decrease simulated driving performance in alcohol consumed people compared with non-alcohol consumed people via changes in SDSD, LPSD, speed, MLPD, LC and NA. More well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials are recommended.

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Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in injured drivers: Comparison between Belgium and the Netherlands

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Positive drug test trends in fatally-injured drivers in the United States from 2007 to 2017

Positive drug test trends in fatally-injured drivers in the United States from 2007 to 2017

Physiological and ethological effects of an extract of four plants used as an anxiolytic: A study on ants as models.

Alcohol consumption for simulated driving performance: A systematic review

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