Prevalence of Amblyopia

Flom, Merton C.; Neumaier, Richard

doi:10.2307/4592710

Cited by 70 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Robaei et al, 2006). Flom and Neumaier’s (1966) sample of over 7000 people examined in a university eye clinic revealed an amblyopia prevalence of 0.4% based upon a VA criterion of 20/200 or worse. The figure rose to 2%, 3.4% and 9% when the criterion was altered to 20/40 or worse, 20/30 or worse and 20/25 or worse, respectively [see their figure 2].…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Barrett

Bradley

Candy

2013

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

144

121

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This review aims to disentangle cause and effect in the relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia. Specifically, we examine the literature for evidence to support different possible developmental sequences that could ultimately lead to the presentation of both conditions. The prevalence of anisometropia is around 20% for an inter-ocular difference of 0.5D or greater in spherical equivalent refraction, falling to 2-3%, for an inter-ocular difference of 3D or above. Anisometropia prevalence is relatively high in the weeks following birth, in the teenage years coinciding with the onset of myopia and, most notably, in older adults starting after the onset of presbyopia. It has about one-third the prevalence of bilateral refractive errors of the same magnitude. Importantly, the prevalence of anisometropia is higher in highly ametropic groups, suggesting that emmetropization failures underlying ametropia and anisometropia may be similar. Amblyopia is present in 1-3% of humans and around one-half to two-thirds of amblyopes have anisometropia either alone or in combination with strabismus. The frequent co-existence of amblyopia and anisometropia at a child’s first clinical examination promotes the belief that the anisometropia has caused the amblyopia, as has been demonstrated in animal models of the condition. In reviewing the human and monkey literature however it is clear that there are additional paths beyond this classic hypothesis to the co-occurrence of anisometropia and amblyopia. For example, after amblyopia secondary to either deprivation or strabismus has emerged, anisometropia often follows. In cases of anisometropia with no apparent deprivation or strabismus, questions remain about the failure of the emmetropization mechanism that routinely eliminates infantile anisometropia. Also, the chronology of amblyopia development is poorly documented in cases of ‘pure’ anisometropic amblyopia. Although indirect, the therapeutic impact of refractive correction on anisometropic amblyopia provides strong support for the hypothesis that the anisometropia caused the amblyopia. Direct evidence for the aetiology of anisometropic amblyopia will require longitudinal tracking of at-risk infants, which poses numerous methodological challenges. However, if we are to prevent this condition, we must understand the factors that cause it to develop.

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Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Barrett

Bradley

Candy

2013

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

144

121

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“…1 The disorder is associated with strabismus, anisometropia, or a form of deprivation early in life. [2][3][4][5][6] Several studies have been performed with electrophysiological methods used in humans and in animal models, to investigate the retinal and visual system in AM dysfunction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Detection of Delayed Postretinal Neural Conduction in Human Amblyopia

Parisi

Scarale

Balducci

et al. 2010

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…As shown in Figure 12A, the degree of amblyopia was not related to the deviating eye’s refractive error at the time the behavioral measurements were performed (r 2 = 0.012; P = 0.21). However as observed in strabismic children with anisometropia (Flom & Bedell, 1985, Flom & Neumaier, 1966), monkeys with significant degrees of anisometropia were more likely to be amblyopic (Figure 12B). There was a significant negative correlation in the interocular grating acuity ratio and the degree of hyperopic anisometropia (r 2 = 0.62; P < 0.0001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Observations on the relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus

et al. 2017

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We investigated the potential causal relationships between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus, specifically to determine whether either amblyopia or strabismus interfered with emmetropization. We analyzed data from non-human primates that were relevant to the co-existence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus in children. We relied on interocular comparisons of spatial vision and refractive development in animals reared with 1) monocular form deprivation; 2) anisometropia optically imposed by either contact lenses or spectacle lenses; 3) organic amblyopia produced by laser ablation of the fovea; and 4) strabismus that was either optically imposed with prisms or produced by either surgical or pharmacological manipulation of the extraocular muscles. Hyperopic anisometropia imposed early in life produced amblyopia in a dose-dependent manner. However, when potential methodological confounds were taken into account, there was no support for the hypothesis that the presence of amblyopia interferes with emmetropization or promotes hyperopia or that the degree of image degradation determines the direction of eye growth. To the contrary, there was strong evidence that amblyopic eyes were able to detect the presence of a refractive error and alter ocular growth to eliminate the ametropia. On the other hand, early onset strabismus, both optically and surgically imposed, disrupted the emmetropization process producing anisometropia. In surgical strabismus, the deviating eyes were typically more hyperopic than their fellow fixating eyes. The results show that early hyperopic anisometropia is a significant risk factor for amblyopia. Early esotropia can trigger the onset of both anisometropia and amblyopia. However, amblyopia, in isolation, does not pose a significant risk for the development of hyperopia or anisometropia.

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Prevalence of Amblyopia

Cited by 70 publications

References 10 publications

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Electrophysiological Detection of Delayed Postretinal Neural Conduction in Human Amblyopia

Observations on the relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus

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